{"id":10307,"date":"2023-04-04T17:44:37","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T17:44:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/9-environment-influences-6369\/9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-6524\/"},"modified":"2023-05-22T19:56:10","modified_gmt":"2023-05-22T19:56:10","slug":"9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-6524","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/9-environment-influences-6369\/9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-6524\/","title":{"rendered":"9.1. MASCULINITATEA HEGEMONIC\u0102 \u0218I HETEROSEXISMUL"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10307\" class=\"elementor elementor-10307 elementor-6524\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d969c6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d969c6a\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a4c3606\" data-id=\"6a4c3606\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9cbaae elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b9cbaae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8696\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a827f90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a827f90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-259e583 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"259e583\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Masculinitatea hegemonic&#259; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Conell, 2005): un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include, de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de vedere al genului. Aceasta combin&#259; mai multe caracteristici: o ierarhie a masculinit&#259;&#539;ilor, accesul diferen&#539;iat al b&#259;rba&#539;ilor la putere (asupra femeilor &#537;i a altor b&#259;rba&#539;i) &#537;i interac&#539;iunea dintre identitatea b&#259;rba&#539;ilor, idealurile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor, interac&#539;iunile, puterea &#537;i patriarhia.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Heterosexismul <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Ingraham, 1996): ideologie care promoveaz&#259; conven&#539;ionalitatea genului, heterosexualitatea &#537;i familia tradi&#539;ional&#259; ca fiind singurul mod de a fi al oamenilor, discrimin&acirc;nd &#537;i subapreciind toate celelalte orient&#259;ri sexuale.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56f48c9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56f48c9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>9.1.1. INTRODUCERE<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n primul r&acirc;nd, trebuie s&#259; lu&#259;m &icirc;n considerare faptul c&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; care, &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul nostru, determin&#259; comportamente, atitudini, valori, a&#537;tept&#259;ri etc., care sunt considerate mai tipice pentru b&#259;rba&#539;i (sau masculine) sau mai tipice pentru femei (sau feminine) (Whitehead et al., 2012). Aceast&#259; construc&#539;ie binar&#259;, pe l&acirc;ng&#259; faptul c&#259; las&#259; pe dinafar&#259; alte genuri\/identit&#259;&#539;i (persoane non-binare, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Adjectiv folosit de unele persoane a c&#259;ror orientare sexual&#259; nu este exclusiv heterosexual&#259;. Acest termen general include persoanele care au identit&#259;&#539;i nonbinare, de gen fluid sau care nu se conformeaz&#259; la gen.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a>, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen generic folosit pentru a descrie o gam&#259; larg&#259; de varia&#539;ii naturale ale corpului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> etc.), s-a stabilit pe baze inegale, &icirc;n care &ldquo;masculinul&rdquo; sau caracteristicile considerate proprii acestuia au fost mai valorizate dec&acirc;t cele considerate &ldquo;feminine&rdquo;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pentru mai multe informa&#539;ii, pute&#539;i citi subiectul privind <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/2-identity-gender-diversity-6353\/2-1-gender-identity-6474\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">identitatea de gen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acest lucru nu a avut un impact doar asupra femeilor, ci a influen&#539;at &#537;i a f&#259;cut r&#259;u tuturor b&#259;rba&#539;ilor care nu se conformeaz&#259; acestui <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Stereotip&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;const&#259; &icirc;ntr-un set de convingeri comune cu privire la caracteristicile, atributele personale &#537;i comportamentele pe care le au membrii unui grup.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/stereotype\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">stereotip<\/a> al masculinit&#259;&#539;ii &#537;i minorit&#259;&#539;ilor sexuale care nu subscriu la aceste coduri. Acest lucru se datoreaz&#259; faptului c&#259; masculinitatea hegemonic&#259; este construit&#259; &icirc;n jurul a patru axe principale (M&eacute;ndez, 2002):<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ideologia patriarhal&#259; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">care propune ca b&#259;rba&#539;ii s&#259; fie cei care de&#539;in puterea &#537;i &icirc;&#537;i legitimeaz&#259; domina&#539;ia asupra celorlal&#539;i.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Individualismul<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, care stabile&#537;te c&#259; &ldquo;persoana ideal&#259;&rdquo; este cea care este autosuficient&#259; prin ea &icirc;ns&#259;&#537;i, ra&#539;ional&#259; &#537;i capabil&#259; s&#259;-&#537;i impun&#259; voin&#539;a.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Excluderea\/subordonarea celorlal&#539;i<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, adic&#259; a celor care nu corespund acestei idei de &ldquo;masculinitate&rdquo;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Heterosexismul<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, care porne&#537;te de la premisa c&#259; &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Orientarea sexual&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la un model durabil de atrac&#539;ii emo&#539;ionale, romantice &#537;i\/sau sexuale fa&#539;&#259; de b&#259;rba&#539;i, femei sau fa&#539;&#259; de ambele sexe.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sexual-orientation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">orientarea sexual&#259;<\/a> ideal&#259;&rdquo; este heterosexualitatea &#537;i discrimineaz&#259; &#537;i incrimineaz&#259; orice alt&#259; orientare (cum ar fi homo- sau bisexualitatea). <\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n concluzie, aceast&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masculinitate hegemonic&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include &#537;i de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de vedere al genului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/hegemonic-masculinity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">masculinitate hegemonic&#259;<\/a> se construie&#537;te &icirc;n principal &icirc;ntre egali prin respingerea a tot ceea ce este feminin &#537;i prin asumarea patriarhatului. Ea se construie&#537;te din negare fa&#539;&#259; de femei &#537;i fa&#539;&#259; de orice minoritate sexual&#259;. <\/span><\/p><h3>9.1.2. DEZVOLTAREA SUBTEMEI<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dar cum &icirc;nv&#259;&#539;&#259;m toate acestea? Cum se transmite aceast&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masculinitate hegemonic&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include &#537;i de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de vedere al genului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/hegemonic-masculinity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">masculinitate hegemonic&#259;<\/a>? Cum ne ocup&#259;m de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Heteronormativitate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este conceptul care descrie heterosexualitatea ca fiind norma &icirc;n societatea noastr&#259;. Presupune heterosexualitatea tuturor &#537;i binaritatea de gen (b&#259;rbat sau femeie).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/heteronormativity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">heteronormativitate<\/a>?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A&#537;a cum am mai spus, copiii sunt socializa&#539;i &icirc;ntr-o cultur&#259; heteronormativ&#259; &icirc;n care, prin contactul cu ceilal&#539;i, cu mediul &icirc;n care tr&#259;im (familie, &#537;coal&#259;, liceu etc.), &icirc;n mass-media etc. Ne asum&#259;m &#537;i interioriz&#259;m treptat cum ar trebui s&#259; fim, cum ar trebui s&#259; ne comport&#259;m, &icirc;nt&#259;rind binarismul de gen (feminitate\/masculinitate) &#537;i recompens&acirc;nd atitudinile considerate tipice heterosexualit&#259;&#539;ii.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prin urmare, societatea ne instaleaz&#259; acest tip de cultur&#259; prin diferite canale &#537;i mesaje. De exemplu, hainele pentru b&#259;ie&#539;i rareori au flori, anim&#259;lu&#539;e, sunt roz&hellip; &icirc;n acest fel, copiii integreaz&#259; ce haine trebuie sau nu s&#259; poarte. Sau, de exemplu, atunci c&acirc;nd &icirc;i spunem unui b&#259;iat c&#259; &ldquo;pl&acirc;nsul este pentru fete&rdquo; &icirc;i model&#259;m caracterul, spun&acirc;ndu-i ce trebuie s&#259; fac&#259; sau s&#259; nu fac&#259;, sau cum trebuie sau nu s&#259; se comporte. Sau, atunci c&acirc;nd o fat&#259; vrea s&#259; joace fotbal &#537;i se &icirc;mbrac&#259; &icirc;ntr-un mod masculin, iar colegii ei &icirc;ncep s&#259; se refere la ea ca la un &ldquo;b&#259;ie&#539;el&rdquo;, ei &icirc;i transmit o idee despre ceea ce este un comportament acceptabil &#537;i ceea ce nu este pentru <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> ei.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acest tip de socializare care stabile&#537;te care sunt practicile hegemonice &#537;i consolideaz&#259; expresiile &#537;i orient&#259;rile normative are un efect negativ asupra bun&#259;st&#259;rii &#537;i s&#259;n&#259;t&#259;&#539;ii mintale a celor care nu se conformeaz&#259; acestora, cum ar fi copiii &#537;i adolescen&#539;ii care apar&#539;in minorit&#259;&#539;ilor sexuale (homosexuali, lesbiene, bisexuali, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Adjectiv folosit de unele persoane a c&#259;ror orientare sexual&#259; nu este exclusiv heterosexual&#259;. Acest termen general include persoanele care au identit&#259;&#539;i nonbinare, de gen fluid sau care nu se conformeaz&#259; la gen.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a>, transsexuali etc.) (Flores, Abboud, &amp; Barroso, 2019). De fapt, studiile au ar&#259;tat cum unele dintre aceste efecte sunt: performan&#539;e academice mai slabe, stres psihologic, depresie, stim&#259; de sine sc&#259;zut&#259; &#537;i chiar abuz de substan&#539;e (Bauermeister et al., 2017).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n ultimii ani, din fericire, exist&#259; o con&#537;tientizare din ce &icirc;n ce mai mare a sistemului heteronormativ &icirc;n care tr&#259;im &#537;i, prin urmare, o mai mic&#259; aderen&#539;&#259; la acesta. Acest lucru face ca oamenii s&#259; se poat&#259; exprima liber &#537;i s&#259; nu fie nevoi&#539;i s&#259; urmeze codurile rigide deja men&#539;ionate.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cu toate acestea, &icirc;n calitate de profesori, este important s&#259; con&#537;tientiz&#259;m &icirc;n mod clar &#537;i s&#259; punem &icirc;n aplicare comportamente &#537;i dinamici care pun &icirc;n discu&#539;ie acest sistem heteronormativ &#537;i acest tip de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masculinitate hegemonic&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include &#537;i de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de vedere al genului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/hegemonic-masculinity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">masculinitate hegemonic&#259;<\/a>, deoarece, altfel, stereotipurile stabilesc modele unice &#537;i rigide, iar tot ceea ce se abate de la acest model este cenzurat.<\/span><\/p><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> &ndash; 9.1.3. SITUA&#538;II DE DISCRIMINARE LEGATE DE SUBIECT &ndash; <i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Imagina&#539;i-v&#259; c&#259; &icirc;n &#537;coala dumneavoastr&#259; s&#259;rb&#259;tori&#539;i &ldquo;S&#259;pt&#259;m&acirc;na s&#259;n&#259;toas&#259;&rdquo;. &Icirc;n fiecare zi, primul lucru pe care &icirc;l face&#539;i diminea&#539;a cu elevii dumneavoastr&#259; este s&#259; petrece&#539;i 15 minute f&#259;c&acirc;nd exerci&#539;ii fizice. Exerci&#539;iul este preg&#259;tit &icirc;n fiecare zi de un elev. Ast&#259;zi este r&acirc;ndul lui Lucas, elevul dumneavoastr&#259; de 12 ani. El aduce un USB care se conecteaz&#259; rapid la calculator &#537;i &icirc;ncepe s&#259; redea cel mai recent hit pop. Lucas v&#259; &icirc;ncurajeaz&#259; pe to&#539;i s&#259; dansa&#539;i &#537;i, de&#537;i majoritatea &icirc;ncep s&#259; danseze, vede&#539;i cum un grup de copii nu o face &#537;i, nu numai at&acirc;t, dar &icirc;ncep s&#259; r&acirc;d&#259; de Lucas &#537;i de dansurile sale. Dumneavoastr&#259;, &icirc;n calitate de profesor, decide&#539;i s&#259; opri&#539;i activitatea &#537;i s&#259; &icirc;ntreba&#539;i grupul de copii care nu danseaz&#259; &#537;i r&acirc;d de motivul atitudinii lor. La aceast&#259; &icirc;ntrebare, ei r&#259;spund c&#259; &ldquo;sunt lucruri de fete &#537;i c&#259; ei nu danseaz&#259;&rdquo;. Acest r&#259;spuns d&#259; na&#537;tere la o reflec&#539;ie foarte interesant&#259; de f&#259;cut at&acirc;t cu ei, c&acirc;t &#537;i cu restul clasei. De exemplu, putem pune urm&#259;toarele &icirc;ntreb&#259;ri: doar fetele pot dansa? De ce credem c&#259; dansul este pentru fete, iar jocul de fotbal este pentru b&#259;ie&#539;i? Nu exist&#259; aici niciun b&#259;iat c&#259;ruia s&#259;-i plac&#259; dansul &#537;i nicio fat&#259; c&#259;reia s&#259;-i plac&#259; fotbalul? De ce crede&#539;i c&#259; nu este tipic pentru b&#259;ie&#539;i s&#259; danseze? Ne sim&#539;im cu to&#539;ii reprezenta&#539;i &icirc;n acest <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Stereotip&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;const&#259; &icirc;ntr-un set de convingeri comune cu privire la caracteristicile, atributele personale &#537;i comportamentele pe care le au membrii unui grup.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/stereotype\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">stereotip<\/a> de &ldquo;a fi b&#259;iat&rdquo; sau &ldquo;a fi fat&#259;&rdquo;? Prietenii no&#537;tri se conformeaz&#259; la asta? &#536;i rudele noastre? &#536;i oamenii pe care &icirc;i admir&#259;m?<\/span><\/p><h3>9.1.4. BUNE PRACTICI<\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n calitate de profesori, este esen&#539;ial s&#259; v&#259; revizui&#539;i &#537;i s&#259; &icirc;ncerca&#539;i s&#259; deveni&#539;i con&#537;tien&#539;i de situa&#539;iile &icirc;n care sunte&#539;i influen&#539;a&#539;i de propriile stereotipuri &#537;i prejudec&#259;&#539;i &#537;i &icirc;ncerca&#539;i s&#259; le controla&#539;i. &Icirc;n acela&#537;i mod, ar fi bine ca, &icirc;n cadrul orelor de medita&#539;ii, s&#259; ridica&#539;i dezbateri legate de aceste aspecte pentru a identifica care este modelul de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masculinitate hegemonic&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include &#537;i de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de vedere al genului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/hegemonic-masculinity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">masculinitate hegemonic&#259;<\/a> &#537;i caracteristicile acestuia &#537;i s&#259; analiza&#539;i c&acirc;t din acest model nu corespunde cu caracteristicile voastre personale.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">De asemenea, o problem&#259; frecvent&#259; care apare adesea &icirc;n &#537;coli este ocuparea spa&#539;iului fizic (loc de joac&#259;, jocuri) care aproape &icirc;ntotdeauna ocup&#259; copiii\/adolescen&#539;ii de <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> masculin &icirc;n locul fetelor sau al altor minorit&#259;&#539;i sexuale. A&#537;adar, a&#539;i putea &icirc;ncerca s&#259; reglementa&#539;i spa&#539;iul fiec&#259;ruia, s&#259; face&#539;i ture mixte pentru a se juca &icirc;n curte, s&#259; folosi&#539;i co&#537;urile\/golurile doar &icirc;n anumite zile, s&#259; monitoriza&#539;i ca to&#539;i elevii s&#259; practice toate tipurile de sport, etc.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">O alt&#259; problem&#259; este spa&#539;iul discursiv, deoarece, &icirc;n general, &icirc;n spa&#539;iile mixte (cele obi&#537;nuite &icirc;n mediul &#537;colar), fetele vorbesc mai pu&#539;in (unele studii indic&#259; p&acirc;n&#259; la 75% mai pu&#539;in) &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ii &icirc;ntrerup mai mult, ceea ce &icirc;i face pe ace&#537;tia s&#259; monopolizeze treptat discursul &#537;i s&#259; continue s&#259; reproduc&#259; schemele de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masculinitate hegemonic&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include &#537;i de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de vedere al genului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/hegemonic-masculinity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">masculinitate hegemonic&#259;<\/a> pe care le-am comentat. Pentru a combate acest lucru pute&#539;i forma mici grupuri de dezbatere &icirc;n care s&#259; intervin&#259; to&#539;i elevii, ave&#539;i grij&#259; ca purt&#259;torii de cuv&acirc;nt ai grupurilor s&#259; nu fie &icirc;ntotdeauna b&#259;ie&#539;i, ci ca toat&#259; lumea s&#259; se simt&#259; reprezentat&#259;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><h3>9.1.5. REFERIN&#538;E<\/h3><p>Bauermeister, J., Connochie, D., Jadwin-Cakmak, L., &amp; Meanley, S. (2017). Gender policing during childhood and the psychological well-being of young adult sexual minority men. <em>American Journal of Men&rsquo;s Health, 11(3)<\/em>, 693&ndash;701. doi:10.1177\/ 1557988316680938<\/p><p>Connell, R. W., &amp; Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. <em>Gender &amp; society, 19(6)<\/em>, 829-859.<\/p><p>Flores, D., Abboud, S., &amp; Barroso, J. (2019) Hegemonic Masculinity During Parent-Child <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Sex<\/a> Communication with Sexual Minority Male Adolescents. <em>American Journal of Sexuality Education, 14(4)<\/em>, 417-439. DOI: 10.1080\/15546128.2019.1626312<\/p><p>Flores, D., &amp; Barroso, J. (2017). 21st century parent&ndash;child <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> communication in the United States: A process review. <em>The Journal of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Sex<\/a> Research, 54(4-5)<\/em>, 532-548.<\/p><p>Ingraham, C. (1994). The heterosexual imaginary: Feminist sociology and theories of gender.&nbsp;<em>Sociological theory<\/em>, 203-219.<\/p><p>M&eacute;ndez, L. B. (2002). Masculinidad hegem&oacute;nica e identidad masculina. <em>Dossiers feministes<\/em>, 7-35.<\/p><p>Whitehead, J. C., Thomas, J., Forkner, B., &amp; LaMonica, D. (2012). Reluctant gatekeepers: &lsquo;Trans-positive&rsquo; practitioners and the social construction of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> and gender. <em>Journal of Gender Studies, 21(4)<\/em>, 387-400.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &ndash; v3.12.2 &ndash; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=&rdquo;.svg&rdquo;]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} \/*! elementor &ndash; v3.12.2 &ndash; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&ndash;spacer-size)}.e-con{&ndash;container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(&ndash;container-widget-width,var(&ndash;spacer-size));&ndash;align-self:var(&ndash;container-widget-align-self,initial);&ndash;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&ndash;container-widget-height,var(&ndash;spacer-size))} Masculinitatea hegemonic&#259; (Conell, 2005): un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include, de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":10153,"menu_order":28,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-10307","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10307"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10307\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10153"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=10307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}