{"id":10299,"date":"2023-04-04T17:44:51","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T17:44:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/9-environment-influences-6369\/9-3-gender-roles-and-gender-stereotypes-6528\/"},"modified":"2023-05-22T20:03:41","modified_gmt":"2023-05-22T20:03:41","slug":"9-3-gender-roles-and-gender-stereotypes-6528","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/9-environment-influences-6369\/9-3-gender-roles-and-gender-stereotypes-6528\/","title":{"rendered":"9.3. ROLURI \u0218I STEREOTIPURI DE GEN"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10299\" class=\"elementor elementor-10299 elementor-6528\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52e9d9f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52e9d9f7\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-24870ed2\" data-id=\"24870ed2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7552a4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7552a4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8721\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15fcda6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"15fcda6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eec20d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eec20d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stereotipurile &#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> sunt compuse din convingerile &#537;i a&#537;tept&#259;rile societ&#259;&#539;ii cu privire la caracteristicile, abilit&#259;&#539;ile sau func&#539;iile considerate feminine sau masculine.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acestea sunt transmise copiilor &icirc;n timpul procesului de socializare care are loc prin intermediul familiei, al &#537;colii, al interac&#539;iunii cu colegii &#537;i al expunerii la mass-media.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n multe cazuri, rolurile &#537;i stereotipurile de gen r&#259;spund unor prejudec&#259;&#539;i incon&#537;tiente, pe care le transmitem f&#259;r&#259; s&#259; ne d&#259;m seama, prin comportamentul nostru, prin limbajul nostru sau prin a&#537;tept&#259;rile pe care le proiect&#259;m asupra celorlal&#539;i. Prin urmare, con&#537;tientizarea lor &#537;i &icirc;ncercarea de a le schimba este esen&#539;ial&#259; dac&#259; dorim s&#259; ob&#539;inem o societate mai egalitar&#259;. <\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a50ffca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a50ffca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>9.3.1. INTRODUCERE<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stereotipurile de gen redefinesc dezvoltarea identit&#259;&#539;ii fiec&#259;rui individ &icirc;nc&#259; de la na&#537;tere, pres&acirc;ndu-ne s&#259; ne &icirc;ncadr&#259;m &icirc;ntr-o serie de caracteristici, abilit&#259;&#539;i, func&#539;ii &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;i, resping&acirc;ndu-le pe celelalte. &Icirc;n ciuda faptului c&#259; sunt construc&#539;ii culturale &#537;i sociale, care se schimb&#259; de la o societate la alta &#537;i de-a lungul istoriei, o parte important&#259; a con&#539;inutului acestor stereotipuri &#537;i roluri pare universal&#259;. &Icirc;n orice caz, ele reprezint&#259; o diferen&#539;iere artificial&#259; a b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor (&#537;i a b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i fetelor), urm&acirc;nd binariul de gen, &#537;i a ceea ce poate deveni fiecare persoan&#259;, constituind un mecanism care genereaz&#259; inegalit&#259;&#539;i, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Discriminare&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;poate fi definit&#259; ca fiind tratamentul inegal &#537;i nefavorabil al unui subiect sau al unui grup ca urmare a unei prejudec&#259;&#539;i. Nu este vorba doar de judec&#259;&#539;i sau de sentimente nefavorabile, ci &#537;i de acte de intoleran&#539;&#259; care constau &icirc;n respingerea &#537;i\/sau excluderea persoanelor &icirc;mpotriva c&#259;rora se au prejudec&#259;&#539;i.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/discrimination\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">discriminare<\/a> &#537;i disconfort personal.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n m&#259;sura &icirc;n care suntem con&#537;tien&#539;i de existen&#539;a lor &#537;i de modul &icirc;n care ne afecteaz&#259; via&#539;a de zi cu zi, putem &icirc;ncerca s&#259; limit&#259;m impactul lor asupra genera&#539;iilor viitoare.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #1d2746\">9.3.2. DEZVOLTAREA SUBTEMEI<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dup&#259; cum se poate observa &icirc;n <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/2-identity-gender-diversity-6353\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">subiectul 2<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Identitatea de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este percep&#539;ia personal&#259; interioar&#259; a propriei identit&#259;&#539;i, legat&#259; de defini&#539;iile sociale &#537;i culturale ale genului. Identitatea de gen a unei persoane poate fi congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (cisgender) sau poate diferi de acesta &icirc;n diverse moduri.&nbsp; Pentru majoritatea persoanelor, identitatea de gen este congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit; pentru persoanele trans, nonbinare &#537;i alte persoane cu genuri diverse, identitatea de gen difer&#259; &icirc;n mai multe grade de sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (APA, 2015).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">identitatea de gen<\/a> nu este un aspect biologic, ci o construc&#539;ie social&#259; a ceea ce &icirc;nseamn&#259; s&#259; te na&#537;ti cu organe genitale feminine sau masculine, diferen&#539;iind &icirc;ntre feminin &#537;i masculin, respectiv. &Icirc;n cadrul conceptului mai larg de gen, putem vorbi de stereotipuri &#537;i roluri de gen.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Stereotipurile de gen sunt alc&#259;tuite <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">din convingeri culturale despre calit&#259;&#539;ile sau tr&#259;s&#259;turile pe care le posed&#259; b&#259;rba&#539;ii &#537;i femeile &#537;i\/sau care sunt de dorit la ace&#537;tia. Figura 13 prezint&#259; c&acirc;teva <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Stereotipuri de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;acestea sunt presupuneri despre cum sunt de obicei b&#259;rba&#539;ii &#537;i femeile sau cum ar trebui s&#259; se comporte femeile &#537;i b&#259;rba&#539;ii pentru a fi &amp;quot;corect&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-stereotypes\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">stereotipuri de gen<\/a> (Langford &amp; MacKinnon, 2000) .<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/interfaz-de-usuario-grafica-texto-aplicacion-ch.png\" alt=\"Interfaz de usuario gr&aacute;fica, Texto, Aplicaci&oacute;n, Chat o mensaje de texto Descripci&oacute;n generada autom&aacute;ticamente\"\/><\/p><h6><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Figura 13. Stereotipurile de gen<\/span><\/i><\/h6><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Faptul c&#259; se presupune c&#259; b&#259;rba&#539;ii &#537;i femeile posed&#259; tr&#259;s&#259;turi &#537;i calit&#259;&#539;i de personalitate diferite permite stabilirea <\/span><b>rolurilor de gen<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, care se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic. &Icirc;n mod tradi&#539;ional, rolul masculin a fost integrat de func&#539;iile care fac posibil&#259; dob&acirc;ndirea de avere &#537;i acoperirea nevoilor materiale proprii &#537;i ale familiei: exercitarea unui loc de munc&#259; remunerat, rolul de &#537;ef &#537;i de autoritate &icirc;n familie, participarea la via&#539;a politic&#259; &#537;i la procesele decizionale etc. (ceea ce a fost numit &ldquo;rolul de furnizor&rdquo;). Pe de alt&#259; parte, rolul femeii a fost compus din func&#539;iile de &icirc;ngrijire a copiilor &#537;i a persoanelor dependente, &icirc;ndeplinirea treburilor casnice etc. (ceea ce s-a numit &ldquo;rolul expresiv&rdquo;).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Potrivit lui Saldivar et al. (2015), <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">rolul feminin apar&#539;ine lumii private<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, pu&#539;in valorizat &#537;i recunoscut social, &icirc;n care femeile desf&#259;&#537;oar&#259; activit&#259;&#539;i &icirc;n beneficiul familiei &#537;i al societ&#259;&#539;ii, f&#259;r&#259; a primi remunera&#539;ie sau recunoa&#537;tere. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rolul masculin, pe de alt&#259; parte, domin&#259; lumea public&#259; &#537;i productiv&#259;, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">fiind foarte apreciat din punct de vedere social &#537;i economic. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aceast&#259; diferen&#539;iere &icirc;ntre ceea ce &icirc;nseamn&#259; s&#259; fii femeie sau b&#259;rbat genereaz&#259; inegalitate social&#259; &#537;i, frecvent, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Discriminare&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;poate fi definit&#259; ca fiind tratamentul inegal &#537;i nefavorabil al unui subiect sau al unui grup ca urmare a unei prejudec&#259;&#539;i. Nu este vorba doar de judec&#259;&#539;i sau de sentimente nefavorabile, ci &#537;i de acte de intoleran&#539;&#259; care constau &icirc;n respingerea &#537;i\/sau excluderea persoanelor &icirc;mpotriva c&#259;rora se au prejudec&#259;&#539;i.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/discrimination\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">discriminare<\/a> &icirc;mpotriva femeilor &icirc;n cadrul structurii sociale &#537;i al distribu&#539;iei muncii. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Atitudinile legate de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> sunt legate de <\/span><b>segregarea de gen &icirc;n timpul educa&#539;iei <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#537;i de <\/span><b>inegalit&#259;&#539;ile de gen &icirc;n ceea ce prive&#537;te nivelul de educa&#539;ie<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, segmentarea ocupa&#539;ional&#259; &#537;i diferen&#539;ele de gen &icirc;n ceea ce prive&#537;te condi&#539;iile de munc&#259; (caracterizate, &icirc;n general, prin condi&#539;ii de angajare &#537;i salarizare mai proaste pentru femei) (Halimi, Davis &amp; Consuegra, 2021).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cu toate acestea, trebuie s&#259; recunoa&#537;tem c&#259;, &icirc;n ceea ce prive&#537;te rolurile academice &#537;i profesionale, studiile arat&#259; o <\/span><b>schimbare de tendin&#539;e<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Fetele sunt din ce &icirc;n ce mai mult &icirc;ncurajate s&#259; aleag&#259; domenii de studiu precum &#537;tiin&#539;a, tehnologia, ingineria &#537;i matematica (Tong, 2012). Nu pare s&#259; existe un impuls egal pentru a-i determina pe b&#259;ie&#539;i s&#259; ia &icirc;n considerare domenii precum asisten&#539;a medical&#259; sau &icirc;ngrijirea copiilor. Societatea pare s&#259; se simt&#259; mai confortabil&#259; atunci c&acirc;nd femeile intr&#259; &icirc;n domenii tradi&#539;ional masculine &#537;i mai pu&#539;in confortabil&#259; atunci c&acirc;nd b&#259;rba&#539;ii intr&#259; &icirc;n domenii tradi&#539;ional feminine.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stereotipurile &#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> sunt prezente &icirc;nainte de na&#537;tere, sunt dob&acirc;ndite &icirc;n copil&#259;rie &#537;i se accentueaz&#259; &icirc;n timpul adolescen&#539;ei. Ele sunt transmise prin socializarea &icirc;n familie, prin &#537;colarizare, prin rela&#539;iile cu colegii &#537;i prin mass-media.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Familia constituie primul spa&#539;iu de socializare<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, &icirc;n care se transmit normele &#537;i valorile sociale, precum &#537;i diferen&#539;ierea celor dou&#259; sexe biologice. Aceasta este baza pe care se construie&#537;te identitatea &#537;i rolul de gen al copiilor. &Icirc;n mod frecvent, familia ofer&#259; activit&#259;&#539;i, juc&#259;rii sau haine diferite fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor. Modul &icirc;n care <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">adul&#539;ii din familie se raporteaz&#259; la copii este adesea influen&#539;at de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> atribuit copiilor<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. &Icirc;n plus, un copil va reproduce adesea comportamentul p&#259;rin&#539;ilor s&#259;i (Halpern &amp; Perry-Jenkins, 2016), astfel &icirc;nc&acirc;t figurile adulte din sistemul familial servesc drept modele de comportament &ldquo;adecvat&rdquo; pentru fiecare gen.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Familiile s-au schimbat foarte mult &icirc;n ultimele decenii, mai ales dup&#259; &icirc;ncorporarea masiv&#259; a femeilor pe pia&#539;a muncii. Acest lucru a dus la unele schimb&#259;ri de roluri, dar nu at&acirc;t de multe sau at&acirc;t de favorabile pe c&acirc;t s-ar fi putut a&#537;tepta. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Partea mai mare a sarcinii &icirc;ngrijirii copiilor &#537;i a treburilor casnice revine &icirc;n continuare femeilor, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">chiar dac&#259; acestea lucreaz&#259; &#537;i &icirc;n afara casei. Cu toate acestea, cercet&#259;rile &#537;tiin&#539;ifice arat&#259; c&#259;, &icirc;n familiile &icirc;n care ambii parteneri particip&#259; la cre&#537;terea &#537;i &icirc;ngrijirea gospod&#259;riei &#537;i &icirc;n care procesul decizional este partajat, rolurile masculine &#537;i feminine nu sunt at&acirc;t de strict diferen&#539;iate, iar acest lucru este perceput ca atare de c&#259;tre copii (Halpern &amp; Perry-Jenkins, 2016).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Copiii &icirc;&#537;i construiesc propria identitate &icirc;n procesul de descoperire a propriilor particularit&#259;&#539;i prin diferen&#539;ierea cu ceilal&#539;i membri ai familiei. <\/span><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Rolurile de gen<\/a> sunt restrictive &#537;i limiteaz&#259; explorarea de c&#259;tre copii a propriilor interese &#537;i a identit&#259;&#539;ilor unice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Copiii se confrunt&#259; cu probleme mai mari, fiind nevoi&#539;i s&#259; abandoneze &#537;i s&#259; nege o parte din ei &icirc;n&#537;i&#537;i pentru a se &icirc;ncadra &icirc;n dihotomia gen-rol. Este important ca, pe acest drum, p&#259;rin&#539;ii s&#259; se asigure c&#259; copiii lor se simt capabili, accepta&#539;i &#537;i valoriza&#539;i, deoarece astfel &icirc;&#537;i vor dezvolta abilit&#259;&#539;ile personale, indiferent dac&#259; apar&#539;in unui <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> sau altuia, sau dac&#259; sunt considera&#539;i feminini sau masculini.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Copiii care merg la &#537;coal&#259; tind s&#259; urmeze indica&#539;iile profesorilor lor cu privire la tr&#259;s&#259;turile &#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> adecvate. Dup&#259; cum s-a stabilit &icirc;n literatura de specialitate din domeniul educa&#539;iei (Bassi et al., 2018), primirea unei aten&#539;ii mai mari din partea profesorilor (pozitiv&#259; sau negativ&#259;) poate afecta motiva&#539;ia, aspira&#539;iile &#537;i rezultatele academice, precum &#537;i deciziile privind viitoarea facultate sau angajare. Studiile arat&#259; c&#259;, &icirc;n mod <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">incon&#537;tient, profesorii acord&#259; b&#259;ie&#539;ilor mai mult&#259; aten&#539;ie &#537;i mai mult timp de instruire dec&acirc;t fetelor<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, chiar &#537;i atunci c&acirc;nd se angajeaz&#259; s&#259; construiasc&#259; s&#259;li de clas&#259; echitabile din punct de vedere al genului. Dup&#259; cum am v&#259;zut &icirc;n alte capitole, studiile arat&#259; cum b&#259;rba&#539;ii\/b&#259;ie&#539;ii ocup&#259; mai mult spa&#539;iu dec&acirc;t femeile\/fetele, at&acirc;t fizic, c&acirc;t &#537;i &icirc;n discu&#539;ii, &#537;i au fost &icirc;ncuraja&#539;i s&#259; fac&#259; acest lucru. Cu toate acestea, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">profesorii au, de asemenea, tendin&#539;a de a-i considera pe b&#259;ie&#539;i drept scandalagii <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#537;i sunt mai predispu&#537;i s&#259; detecteze tulbur&#259;ri de comportament &#537;i tulbur&#259;ri de deficit de aten&#539;ie &#537;i hiperactivitate la b&#259;ie&#539;i dec&acirc;t la fete. Prejudec&#259;&#539;ile sunt adesea incon&#537;tiente, bazate pe mituri &#537;i credin&#539;e care nu sunt neap&#259;rat bazate pe dovezi sau chiar pe experien&#539;a direct&#259; (Sadker &amp; Sadker, 1985). Sensibilizarea cadrelor didactice la prejudec&#259;&#539;ile de gen ar trebui s&#259; fie combinat&#259; cu o revizuire a amplorii prejudec&#259;&#539;ilor de gen din manualele &#537;colare.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Societatea &icirc;n general, &#537;i colegii &icirc;n special, au, de asemenea, o mare putere de a modela b&#259;ie&#539;ii &#537;i fetele &icirc;n b&#259;rba&#539;i masculini &#537;i, respectiv, femei feminine<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Este o dorin&#539;&#259; natural&#259; a omului de a fi acceptat social<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a&#537;a c&#259; sfidarea normelor de gen poate fi foarte dificil&#259; pentru indivizi. Acest lucru devine deosebit de relevant mai ales pentru adolescen&#539;i. Adolescen&#539;a este o etap&#259; &icirc;n care &#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> cap&#259;t&#259; o semnifica&#539;ie deosebit&#259;. Schimb&#259;rile fizice ale pubert&#259;&#539;ii fac ca <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> s&#259; fie mai proeminent &icirc;n interac&#539;iunile cu ceilal&#539;i &icirc;n compara&#539;ie cu etapele anterioare de dezvoltare, astfel &icirc;nc&acirc;t <\/span><b>a&#537;tept&#259;rile societ&#259;&#539;ii exercit&#259; o presiune mai mare pentru a se comporta &icirc;n concordan&#539;&#259; cu <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Galambos, 2013).&nbsp; De asemenea, adolescen&#539;ii &icirc;&#537;i sporesc capacitatea cognitiv&#259; de a &icirc;n&#539;elege normele sociale &#537;i de gen &#537;i capacitatea lor de a face compara&#539;ii sociale. Re&#539;eaua lor social&#259; se l&#259;rge&#537;te &#537;i, &icirc;n acela&#537;i timp, adolescen&#539;ii devin mai sensibili la evaluarea colegilor &#537;i caut&#259; &icirc;n mod activ un sentiment de apartenen&#539;&#259; la grup.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b>Acceptarea din partea colegilor <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">este mai u&#537;oar&#259; atunci c&acirc;nd ace&#537;tia se conformeaz&#259; normelor sociale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea ( K&aring;gesten et al. , 2016). Presiunea este mai mare &icirc;n cadrul grupurilor de acela&#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> &#537;i &icirc;n special pentru b&#259;ie&#539;i ( Galambos, 2004). Studiile arat&#259;, &icirc;n general, c&#259; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">b&#259;ie&#539;ii au atitudini mai tradi&#539;ionale fa&#539;&#259; de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> dec&acirc;t fetele <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">( Carlson &amp; Knoester, 2011) &#537;i c&#259; gama de ceea ce este considerat adecvat (&#537;i neadecvat) pentru b&#259;ie&#539;i este mai restr&acirc;ns&#259; dec&acirc;t pentru fete (Mehta &amp; Strough, 2009). Cu toate acestea, cercet&#259;rile recente arat&#259;, de asemenea, c&#259; adolescen&#539;ii care percep o presiune mai mare pentru a se &icirc;ncadra &icirc;n stereotipurile &#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> la &icirc;nceputul adolescen&#539;ei, dezvolt&#259; &icirc;n timp convingeri mai egalitare. Acest lucru a fost pus &icirc;n leg&#259;tur&#259; cu o schimbare social&#259; &icirc;n direc&#539;ia egalit&#259;&#539;ii &icirc;n ultimii ani (Halimi, Davis &amp; Consuegra, 2021), care, la r&acirc;ndul s&#259;u, este legat&#259; de educa&#539;ia &icirc;n ceea ce prive&#537;te <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> (Davis, 2007).<\/span><\/p><p><b>Copiii &icirc;nva&#539;&#259; adesea rolurile &#537;i stereotipurile de gen din c&#259;r&#539;i, c&acirc;ntece, televiziune, filme &#537;i re&#539;ele sociale, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">prin mesajele &#537;i modelele lor, care arat&#259; cum ar trebui s&#259; fie sau s&#259; se comporte un b&#259;rbat sau o femeie. Potrivit Durkin &#537;i Nugent (1998), interesele, ocupa&#539;iile &#537;i alte activit&#259;&#539;i ale copiilor de cinci ani sunt puternic influen&#539;ate de emisiunile televizate. Publicitatea este, de asemenea, un element important al socializ&#259;rii. Aceasta include adesea roluri &#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Stereotipuri de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;acestea sunt presupuneri despre cum sunt de obicei b&#259;rba&#539;ii &#537;i femeile sau cum ar trebui s&#259; se comporte femeile &#537;i b&#259;rba&#539;ii pentru a fi &amp;quot;corect&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-stereotypes\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">stereotipuri de gen<\/a> care trec sub form&#259; de mesaje subliminale, f&#259;c&acirc;ndu-ne s&#259; le absorbim &#537;i s&#259; le perpetu&#259;m &icirc;n mod incon&#537;tient, deoarece sunt de obicei segmentate &icirc;n func&#539;ie de <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a>. Este important s&#259; ne amintim c&#259; jocul este un mecanism fundamental de &icirc;nv&#259;&#539;are &#537;i dezvoltare. Prin urmare, atunci c&acirc;nd publicitatea se refer&#259; la jocuri &#537;i juc&#259;rii, aceasta exercit&#259; o influen&#539;&#259; &icirc;n procesul de construc&#539;ie a rolurilor &#537;i stereotipurilor de gen (Klass, 2018). <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juc&#259;riile &icirc;mp&#259;r&#539;ite &icirc;n func&#539;ie de gen, &icirc;n func&#539;ie de ceea ce este considerat &ldquo;potrivit&rdquo; pentru b&#259;ie&#539;i sau fete, pot limita dezvoltarea diferitelor capacit&#259;&#539;i, cum ar fi cele vizuo-spa&#539;iale, de empatie, de ini&#539;iativ&#259; sau de abilit&#259;&#539;i sociale (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Cherney &amp; London, 2006 ). Un studiu realizat de Gonz&aacute;lez-Anleo et al. (2018) concluzioneaz&#259; c&#259;, &icirc;n prezent, publicitatea pentru copii din Spania reflect&#259; mai pu&#539;in &ldquo;masculinitatea tradi&#539;ional&#259;&rdquo; &#537;i c&#259; acel con&#539;inut destinat publicului feminin este mult mai variat, de&#537;i acele roluri care sunt mai ad&acirc;nc &icirc;nr&#259;d&#259;cinate din punct de vedere istoric (maternitatea &#537;i frumuse&#539;ea) sunt &icirc;nc&#259; men&#539;inute. De asemenea, ei au constatat c&#259; reclamele se adreseaz&#259; mai ales b&#259;ie&#539;ilor sau fetelor separat, diminu&acirc;nd varietatea op&#539;iunilor de joac&#259; adresate ambilor &icirc;mpreun&#259;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ju&aacute;rez-Rodr&iacute;guez (2020) a realizat un studiu al c&acirc;ntecelor pentru copii de pe YouTube &#537;i a constatat c&#259; majoritatea rolurilor principale din c&acirc;ntece sunt jucate de personaje masculine, iar personajele feminine se limiteaz&#259; &icirc;n cea mai mare parte la a fi &ldquo;so&#539;ia, mama sau &icirc;ngrijitoarea&rdquo; sau obiectul dorin&#539;ei sau al disputei b&#259;rba&#539;ilor. Cercetarea sa arat&#259;, de asemenea, c&#259; modelele de masculinitate bazate pe agresivitate &#537;i normalizarea masculinit&#259;&#539;ilor toxice persist&#259;.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.3.2. SITUA&#538;II DE DISCRIMINARE LEGATE DE SUBIECT<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Incluse &icirc;n sec&#539;iunea anterioar&#259;.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.3.3. BUNE PRACTICI<\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crea&#539;i un spa&#539;iu sigur &icirc;n care copiii pot &icirc;nv&#259;&#539;a &#537;i explora. Ajuta&#539;i-i pe copii s&#259; se simt&#259; confortabil cu preferin&#539;ele lor, afirm&acirc;nd alegerile neconven&#539;ionale, asigur&acirc;ndu-i c&#259; este &icirc;n regul&#259; s&#259; fie diferi&#539;i &#537;i &icirc;ncuraj&acirc;nd o cultur&#259; a accept&#259;rii &icirc;n clas&#259;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oferi&#539;i o gam&#259; variat&#259; de modele de rol, oferi&#539;i copiilor exemple din via&#539;a real&#259; care s&#259; contracareze stereotipurile.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contesta&#539;i stereotipurile atunci c&acirc;nd le auzi&#539;i, oferind contra-exemple din propria experien&#539;&#259;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Alege&#539;i cu aten&#539;ie c&#259;r&#539;ile &#537;i materialele de lectur&#259; din clas&#259;, acestea pot fi foarte utile pentru a combate stereotipurile.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Observa&#539;i cine folose&#537;te ce spa&#539;ii &#537;i echipamente &#537;i verifica&#539;i dac&#259; exist&#259; schimb&#259;ri sau mi&#537;c&#259;ri pe care le pute&#539;i face pentru a &icirc;ncuraja elevii s&#259; se simt&#259; la fel de liberi s&#259; le foloseasc&#259; (poate culoarea).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;ncurajeaz&#259; at&acirc;t b&#259;ie&#539;ii, c&acirc;t &#537;i fetele s&#259; fac&#259; tot felul de treburi &icirc;n clas&#259; (s&#259; mute mobila, s&#259; str&acirc;ng&#259;, s&#259; cure&#539;e tabla etc.).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nu v&#259; folosi&#539;i de gen pentru a &icirc;mp&#259;r&#539;i copiii, deoarece le transmite&#539;i mesajul c&#259; a fi b&#259;iat sau fat&#259; este cel mai important lucru la ei &#537;i &icirc;nt&#259;re&#537;te stereotipurile.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Folosi&#539;i un limbaj neutru &#537;i care s&#259; includ&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> pentru a evita comunicarea unor no&#539;iuni eronate &#537;i pentru a preveni &icirc;nt&#259;rirea rolurilor restrictive de gen.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evita&#539;i generaliz&#259;rile, prejudec&#259;&#539;ile &#537;i ideile preconcepute despre <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> sau gen.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evita&#539;i accesul la stimuli sexi&#537;ti &#537;i dezvolta&#539;i un sim&#539; critic pentru a-i putea confrunta. Preg&#259;ti&#539;i activit&#259;&#539;i &icirc;n care s&#259; &icirc;ncuraja&#539;i discu&#539;ii despre prezen&#539;a stereotipurilor &#537;i a rolurilor de gen &icirc;n seriale, filme sau c&acirc;ntece care pot fi cunoscute de copii.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Folosi&#539;i jocul ca baz&#259; pentru predarea echit&#259;&#539;ii: &icirc;ncuraja&#539;i jocurile &icirc;n care nu intervine rolul masculin sau feminin &#537;i crea&#539;i echipe mixte atunci c&acirc;nd activitatea necesit&#259; gruparea elevilor, astfel &icirc;nc&acirc;t fetele &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ii s&#259; &icirc;nve&#539;e s&#259; lucreze &icirc;mpreun&#259; ca egali.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">S&#259; se organizeze ateliere de lucru cu p&#259;rin&#539;ii elevilor pentru a aborda problema prejudec&#259;&#539;ilor &#537;i stereotipurilor sexiste &#537;i importan&#539;a dep&#259;&#537;irii acestora pentru a ob&#539;ine o egalitate real&#259; &icirc;ntre b&#259;rba&#539;i &#537;i femei.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>9.3.4. REFERIN&#538;E<\/h3><p>Arce, M. L. (1995). El proceso de socializaci&oacute;n y los roles en la familia. En: Teor&iacute;a y metodolog&iacute;a para la intervenci&oacute;n en familias. San Jos&eacute;: Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, 32-35.<\/p><p>Bassi, M., D&iacute;az, M., Blumberg, R.L. et al. (2018). Failing to notice? Uneven teachers&rsquo; attention to boys and girls in the classroom. IZA J Labor Econ 7, 9. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40172-018-0069-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40172-018-0069-4<\/a><\/p><p>Carlson, D. L., &amp; Knoester, C. (2011). Family structure and the intergenerational transmission of gender ideology. Journal of Family Issues, 32(5), 709&ndash;734. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192513x10396662\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192513&times;10396662<\/a><\/p><p>Cherney, I. D., &amp; London, K. (2006). Gender-linked differences in the toys, television shows, computer games, and outdoor activities of 5- to 13-year-old children. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Sex<\/a> Roles: A Journal of Research, 54(9-10), 717&ndash;726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-006-9037-8<\/p><p>Davis, S. N. (2007). Gender ideology construction from adolescence to young adulthood. Social Science Research, 36(3), 1021&ndash;1041. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2006\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2006<\/a><\/p><p>Durkin, K., &amp; Nugent, B. (1998). Kindergarten Children&rsquo;s Gender-Role Expectations for Television Actors. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Sex<\/a> Roles 38, 387&ndash;402. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1018705805012\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1018705805012<\/a><\/p><p>Galambos, N. (2013). Gender and Gender Role Development in Adolescence. 10.1002\/9780471726746.ch8.<\/p><p>Galambos, N. L. (2004). Gender and gender role development in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner &amp; L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 233&ndash;262). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.)<\/p><p>Gonz&aacute;lez-Anleo, J. M., Cort&eacute;s del Rosario, M., &amp; Garcel&aacute;n, D. (2018). Roles y estereotipos de g&eacute;nero en publicidad infantil: &iquest;Qu&eacute; ha cambiado en las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas? <em>Revista Internacional de Investigaci&oacute;n en Comunicaci&oacute;n, 18<\/em>, 80-99. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7263\/adresic-018-05\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7263\/adresic-018-05<\/a><\/p><p>Halimi, M., Davis, S. N. &amp; Consuegra, E. (2021). The Power of Peers? Early Adolescent Gender Typicality, Peer Relations, and Gender Role Attitudes in Belgium. <em>Gender Issues, 38<\/em>, 210&ndash;237. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12147-020-09262-3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12147-020-09262-3<\/a><\/p><p>Halpern, H. P., &amp; Perry-Jenkins, M. (2016). Parents&rsquo; Gender Ideology and Gendered Behaviour as Predictors of Children&rsquo;s Gender-Role Attitudes: A Longitudinal Exploration. <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Sex<\/a> Roles, 74<\/em>, 527&ndash;542. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-015-0539-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-015-0539-0<\/a><\/p><p>Hanish, L. D., &amp; Fabes, R. A. (2014). Peer socialization of gender in young boys and girls. In: Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Peters RDeV, eds. Martin CL, topic ed. Encyclopaedia on Early Childhood Development. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/gender-early-socialization\/according-experts\/peer-socialization-gender-young-boys-and-girls\">https:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/gender-early-socialization\/according-experts\/peer-socialization-gender-young-boys-and-girls<\/a><\/p><p>Ju&aacute;rez-Rodr&iacute;guez, J. (2020). Los roles de g&eacute;nero en la m&uacute;sica infantil de la plataforma digital YouTube. Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicaci&oacute;n e Informaci&oacute;n, 25(1), 19-37. doi: <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.35742\/rcci.2020.25(1).19-37\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.35742\/rcci.2020.25(1).19-37<\/a><\/p><p>K&aring;gesten, A., Gibbs, S., Blum, R. W. M., Moreau, C., Chandra-Mouli, V., &amp; Herbert, A. (2016). Understanding factors that shape gender attitudes in early adolescence globally: A mixed-methods systematic review. <em>PLoS ONE, 11(6<\/em>), e0157805. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0157805\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0157805<\/a><\/p><p>Klass, P. (2018). Juguetes para romper los estereotipos de g&eacute;nero. The New York Times.<\/p><p>Langford, T., &amp; Mackinnon, N. J. (2000). The affective bases for the gendering of traits: Comparing the United States and Canada. <em>Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(1<\/em>), 34&ndash;48. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2695879\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2695879<\/a><\/p><p>McCabe, J., Fairchild, E., Grauerholz, L., Pescosolido, B. A., &amp; Tope, D. (2011). Gender in Twentieth-Century Children&rsquo;s Books: Patterns of Disparity in Titles and Central Characters. <em>Gender &amp; Society, 25<\/em>, 197-226. DOI: 10.1177\/0891243211398358<\/p><p>Mehta, C. M., &amp; Strough, J. (2009). <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Sex<\/a> segregation in friendships and normative contexts across the life span. <em>Developmental Review, 29(3<\/em>), 201&ndash;220. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2009.06.001\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2009.06.001<\/a>.<\/p><p>Pastor, R. (2000). Aspectos psicosociales de la asimetr&iacute;a gen&eacute;rica: rupturas, cambios y posibilidades. En Fern&aacute;ndez, J. (2000). Intervenci&oacute;n en los &Aacute;mbitos de la Sexolog&iacute;a y de la Generolog&iacute;a. (pp. 217-242). Madrid: Pir&aacute;mide.<\/p><p>Sadker M, &amp; Sadker D (1985). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexism&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este definit ca fiind o atitudine discriminatorie bazat&#259; pe apartenen&#539;a la un sex biologic, c&#259;ruia i se atribuie caracteristici specifice.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sexism\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sexism<\/a> in the schoolroom of the Eighties. Reprinted in The World. Reprinted in Annual Editions: Education 1986-87, 87-88, 88-89, (Dushkin Press). Psychol Today. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sadker.org\/CV3.html\">https:\/\/www.sadker.org\/CV3.html<\/a><\/p><p>Sald&iacute;var, A., D&iacute;az, R., Reyes, N. E., Armenta, C., L&oacute;pez, F., Moreno, M., Romero, A., Hern&aacute;ndez J, E., &amp; Dom&iacute;nguez, M. (2015). Roles de G&eacute;nero y Diversidad: Validaci&oacute;n de una Escala en Varios Contextos Culturales. <em>Acta de Investigaci&oacute;n Psicol&oacute;gica, 5<\/em>, 2124-2147. DOI: 10.1016\/S2007-4719(16)30005-9<\/p><p>Tong, R (2012). Gender Roles in Ruth Chadwick (Ed), Encyclopedia of appied Ethics 2nd edition. Charlotte, USA: Elsevier.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &ndash; v3.12.2 &ndash; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=&rdquo;.svg&rdquo;]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} \/*! elementor &ndash; v3.12.2 &ndash; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&ndash;spacer-size)}.e-con{&ndash;container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(&ndash;container-widget-width,var(&ndash;spacer-size));&ndash;align-self:var(&ndash;container-widget-align-self,initial);&ndash;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&ndash;container-widget-height,var(&ndash;spacer-size))} Stereotipurile &#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> sunt compuse din convingerile &#537;i a&#537;tept&#259;rile societ&#259;&#539;ii cu privire la caracteristicile, abilit&#259;&#539;ile sau func&#539;iile considerate feminine sau masculine. Acestea sunt transmise copiilor &icirc;n timpul procesului de socializare care are [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":10153,"menu_order":30,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-10299","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10299"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10299\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10153"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=10299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}