{"id":10287,"date":"2023-04-04T17:45:12","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T17:45:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/11-microaggressions-6373\/11-1-homo-trans-biphobic-jokes-ezd_ampersand-microaggressions-6534\/"},"modified":"2023-05-22T20:26:30","modified_gmt":"2023-05-22T20:26:30","slug":"11-1-homo-trans-biphobic-jokes-ezd_ampersand-microaggressions-6534","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/11-microaggressions-6373\/11-1-homo-trans-biphobic-jokes-ezd_ampersand-microaggressions-6534\/","title":{"rendered":"11.1. GLUME \u0218I MICROAGRESIUNI HOMO\/TRANS\/BIFOBE"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10287\" class=\"elementor elementor-10287 elementor-6534\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b303ef5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b303ef5\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-21460cd8\" data-id=\"21460cd8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-971ab64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"971ab64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_lgtbq_kid_feeling_uncomfortable_at_class_894139c2-2252-4541-a1e3-72fcacc5e39f-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9293\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_lgtbq_kid_feeling_uncomfortable_at_class_894139c2-2252-4541-a1e3-72fcacc5e39f-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_lgtbq_kid_feeling_uncomfortable_at_class_894139c2-2252-4541-a1e3-72fcacc5e39f-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_lgtbq_kid_feeling_uncomfortable_at_class_894139c2-2252-4541-a1e3-72fcacc5e39f-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_lgtbq_kid_feeling_uncomfortable_at_class_894139c2-2252-4541-a1e3-72fcacc5e39f-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_lgtbq_kid_feeling_uncomfortable_at_class_894139c2-2252-4541-a1e3-72fcacc5e39f-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_lgtbq_kid_feeling_uncomfortable_at_class_894139c2-2252-4541-a1e3-72fcacc5e39f.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd87d84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fd87d84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1da96b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1da96b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Glumele la adresa persoanelor <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> sunt adesea rezultatul homo\/trans\/binegativit&#259;&#539;ii (cunoscut&#259; &#537;i sub numele de homo\/trans\/bifobie) &#537;i ar putea fi un semn al acesteia. Chiar dac&#259; cuv&acirc;ntul fobie este asociat cu frica, care poate fi, de asemenea, o parte a problemei, homo\/trans\/bi-negativitatea este mai degrab&#259; legat&#259; de atitudini &#537;i comportamente negative fa&#539;&#259; de persoanele homosexuale, trans, bisexuale &#537;i alte persoane <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> (ar putea fi, de asemenea, un semn al lipsei de informare, al ostilit&#259;&#539;ii &#537;i al nevoilor psihosociale neglijate ale unui copil).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Glumele nepotrivite se bazeaz&#259; pe o cultur&#259; care stigmatizeaz&#259; sau subestimeaz&#259; anumite grupuri de persoane. Se &#537;tie c&#259; acest lucru cauzeaz&#259; &#537;i promoveaz&#259; <\/span><b>stresul minorit&#259;&#539;ilor <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#537;i, mai exact, este cunoscut ca un tip de <\/span><b>microagresiune<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Existen&#539;a glumelor nepotrivite este <\/span><b>legitimat&#259; &#537;i mai mult atunci c&acirc;nd nu sunt luate &icirc;n seam&#259; sau trec neobservate.<\/b><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-373794dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"373794dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>11.1.1. INTRODUCERE<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pentru a crea un mediu sigur, este important s&#259; se foloseasc&#259; un limbaj incluziv. Ar trebui s&#259; fim &icirc;ntotdeauna capabili s&#259; ne g&acirc;ndim dac&#259; ceea ce spunem r&#259;ne&#537;te pe cineva. At&acirc;t profesorii, c&acirc;t &#537;i colegii pot face uneori glume homofobe\/transfobe sau pot folosi nume\/insulte homofobe\/transfobe ca mijloc de umilire &#537;i de intimidare. Aceste insulte sunt adresate diferi&#539;ilor elevi, indiferent de identitatea lor. Prevalen&#539;a acestor &ldquo;glume&rdquo; &#537;i insulte creeaz&#259; un mediu ostil &#537;i nesigur, iar fiecare diferen&#539;iere de la norm&#259; poate fi v&#259;zut&#259; de elevi ca fiind nedorit&#259;, ceea ce le limiteaz&#259; dezvoltarea s&#259;n&#259;toas&#259; &#537;i percep&#539;ia diferen&#539;elor dintre oameni ca fiind normale &#537;i &icirc;mbucur&#259;toare.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Insultele &#537;i glumele sunt ad&acirc;nc &icirc;nr&#259;d&#259;cinate &icirc;n orice cultur&#259; dat&#259; prin func&#539;ionarea stigmatiz&#259;rii care opereaz&#259; la mai multe niveluri:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Nivelul institu&#539;ional<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Discriminare&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;poate fi definit&#259; ca fiind tratamentul inegal &#537;i nefavorabil al unui subiect sau al unui grup ca urmare a unei prejudec&#259;&#539;i. Nu este vorba doar de judec&#259;&#539;i sau de sentimente nefavorabile, ci &#537;i de acte de intoleran&#539;&#259; care constau &icirc;n respingerea &#537;i\/sau excluderea persoanelor &icirc;mpotriva c&#259;rora se au prejudec&#259;&#539;i.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/discrimination\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">discriminare<\/a> structural&#259;, legi, norme, tradi&#539;ii, limb&#259;, mass-media<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Politicienii ar trebui s&#259; abroge legile homo\/transfobe (c&#259;s&#259;toria exclusiv pentru b&#259;rba&#539;i &#537;i femei, sterilizarea for&#539;at&#259; a persoanelor trans*).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Nivelul interpersonal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Discriminare&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;poate fi definit&#259; ca fiind tratamentul inegal &#537;i nefavorabil al unui subiect sau al unui grup ca urmare a unei prejudec&#259;&#539;i. Nu este vorba doar de judec&#259;&#539;i sau de sentimente nefavorabile, ci &#537;i de acte de intoleran&#539;&#259; care constau &icirc;n respingerea &#537;i\/sau excluderea persoanelor &icirc;mpotriva c&#259;rora se au prejudec&#259;&#539;i.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/discrimination\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">discriminare<\/a> interpersonal&#259;, violen&#539;&#259; &icirc;n rela&#539;ii, h&#259;r&#539;uire, discursuri de ur&#259;, glume homo\/trans\/bifobe.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cu to&#539;ii ar trebui s&#259; fim mai aten&#539;i la ceea ce se &icirc;nt&acirc;mpl&#259; &icirc;n jurul nostru. Dac&#259; vedem violen&#539;&#259; &icirc;mpotriva persoanelor <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a>, ar trebui s&#259; le lu&#259;m ap&#259;rarea.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">P&#259;rin&#539;ii &#537;i profesorii trebuie s&#259; creeze un spa&#539;iu sigur pentru copiii &#537;i tinerii <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a>.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Exist&#259; o toleran&#539;&#259; zero pentru orice fel de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Discriminare&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;poate fi definit&#259; ca fiind tratamentul inegal &#537;i nefavorabil al unui subiect sau al unui grup ca urmare a unei prejudec&#259;&#539;i. Nu este vorba doar de judec&#259;&#539;i sau de sentimente nefavorabile, ci &#537;i de acte de intoleran&#539;&#259; care constau &icirc;n respingerea &#537;i\/sau excluderea persoanelor &icirc;mpotriva c&#259;rora se au prejudec&#259;&#539;i.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/discrimination\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">discriminare<\/a> &#537;i violen&#539;&#259;. Trebuie s&#259; se intervin&#259; pentru a pune cap&#259;t intimid&#259;rii.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Nivel individual<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: homo\/bi\/transfobie internalizat&#259;, probleme de s&#259;n&#259;tate mintal&#259;, negarea propriei identit&#259;&#539;i.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trebuie s&#259; fim con&#537;tien&#539;i de tipul de probleme &#537;i provoc&#259;ri specifice cu care se pot confrunta tinerii <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> din cauza normelor sociale &#537;i a stigmatiz&#259;rii identit&#259;&#539;ii lor.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&ldquo;&#536;colile trebuie s&#259; ofere un mediu de &icirc;nv&#259;&#539;are s&#259;n&#259;tos &#537;i sigur. Fiecare elev care frecventeaz&#259; &#537;coala trebuie s&#259; se poat&#259; dezvolta la poten&#539;ialul s&#259;u maxim, &icirc;n siguran&#539;&#259; fa&#539;&#259; de orice form&#259; de h&#259;r&#539;uire sau violen&#539;&#259;. M&#259;surile de incluziune &#537;i de sprijin pot fi deosebit de utile pentru a preveni ca elevii transsexuali &#537;i non-binari s&#259; se confrunte cu <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Bullying&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;(inclusiv cyber-bullying): este un comportament agresiv nedorit. din partea unui alt copil sau a unui grup de copii care nu sunt nici fra&#539;i &#537;i nici nu au o rela&#539;ie romantic&#259; cu victima. Implic&#259; v&#259;t&#259;m&#259;ri fizice, psihologice sau sociale repetate &#537;i are loc adesea &icirc;n &#537;coli &#537;i &icirc;n alte medii &icirc;n care se adun&#259; copiii, precum &#537;i online.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/bullying\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">bullying<\/a>, h&#259;r&#539;uire, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Discriminare&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;poate fi definit&#259; ca fiind tratamentul inegal &#537;i nefavorabil al unui subiect sau al unui grup ca urmare a unei prejudec&#259;&#539;i. Nu este vorba doar de judec&#259;&#539;i sau de sentimente nefavorabile, ci &#537;i de acte de intoleran&#539;&#259; care constau &icirc;n respingerea &#537;i\/sau excluderea persoanelor &icirc;mpotriva c&#259;rora se au prejudec&#259;&#539;i.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/discrimination\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">discriminare<\/a>, homofobie, transfobie sau excludere.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&rdquo; (Gouvernement du Qu&eacute;bec 2021)<\/span><\/p><h3>11.1.2. DEZVOLTAREA SUBTEMEI<\/h3><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Homofobia&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este orice atitudine negativ&#259; care poate duce la respingerea direct&#259; sau indirect&#259; &#537;i la discriminarea persoanelor lesbiene, gay sau bisexuale, a persoanelor cu orice alt&#259; orientare sexual&#259; sau a oric&#259;rei persoane al c&#259;ror aspect sau comportament nu este conform cu stereotipurile asociate cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/homophobia\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Homofobia<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">este &ldquo;orice atitudine negativ&#259; care poate duce la respingerea direct&#259; sau indirect&#259; &#537;i la discriminarea persoanelor lesbiene, homosexuale sau bisexuale, sau a persoanelor de orice alt&#259; orientare sexual&#259; sau a oric&#259;rei persoane a c&#259;ror &icirc;nf&#259;&#539;i&#537;are sau comportament nu este conform cu stereotipurile asociate cu <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexul atribuit&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen care se refer&#259; &icirc;n mod obi&#537;nuit la categoria de sex legal derivat&#259; din examinarea medical&#259; a unui nou-n&#259;scut dup&#259; na&#537;tere.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/assigned-sex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexul atribuit<\/a> la na&#537;tere&rdquo; (Gouvernement du Qu&eacute;bec, 2021).<\/span><\/p><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Transfobia&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este frica, ura, necredin&#539;a sau ne&icirc;ncrederea fa&#539;&#259; de persoanele care sunt transsexuale, despre care se crede c&#259; sunt transsexuale sau a c&#259;ror expresie de gen nu este conform&#259; cu rolurile tradi&#539;ionale de gen.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/transphobia\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Transfobia<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">este &ldquo;orice atitudine negativ&#259; care poate duce, direct sau indirect, la respingerea &#537;i discriminarea persoanelor trans sau a oric&#259;rei persoane a c&#259;ror &icirc;nf&#259;&#539;i&#537;are sau comportament nu este conform cu stereotipurile masculine sau feminine asociate cu sexul care le-a fost atribuit la na&#537;tere. Folosirea inten&#539;ionat&#259; a pronumelor sau a prenumelui gre&#537;it, fie &icirc;n prezen&#539;a sau &icirc;n absen&#539;a persoanei &icirc;n cauz&#259;, este un exemplu de transfobie&rdquo; (Gouvernement du Qu&eacute;bec 2021).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Termenul imprecis de homofobie este &icirc;n prezent relativ r&#259;sp&acirc;ndit &#537;i poate fi considerat un &ldquo;termen vernacular&rdquo; care descrie prejudec&#259;&#539;ile &#537;i diferitele forme de intoleran&#539;&#259; legate de discriminarea &#537;i stigmatizarea persoanelor non-heterosexuale. Treptat, din homofobie au fost deriva&#539;i termenii de bifobie &#537;i transfobie pentru a descrie forme specifice de prejudecat&#259; &icirc;mpotriva acestor grupuri. De&#537;i termenul conoteaz&#259; &ldquo;fobie&rdquo;, adic&#259; team&#259;, nu este corect din punct de vedere tehnic &icirc;n aceast&#259; privin&#539;&#259; &#537;i, prin urmare, este mai des &icirc;nlocuit cu termenul de <\/span><b>homonegativitate <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(binegativitate, transnegativitate).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Termenul de homofobie a fost folosit pentru prima dat&#259; &icirc;n literatura academic&#259; de c&#259;tre psihologul George Weinberg, care l-a publicat &icirc;n lucrarea sa din 1972 Society and the Healthy Homosexual. Weinberg a explicat ulterior, &icirc;ntr-un interviu acordat lui Herek &icirc;n 1998, c&#259; a inventat termenul pentru a exprima teama de persoanele homosexuale, dublat&#259; de teama de a contracta <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;virusul imunodeficien&#539;ei umane&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> &#537;i de teama de a submina valorile pentru care luptau &ndash; c&#259;minul &#537;i familia.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ast&#259;zi, termenul este deja larg r&#259;sp&acirc;ndit &#537;i poate fi folosit pentru a denumi atitudinile negative fa&#539;&#259; de persoanele non-heterosexuale sau fa&#539;&#259; de non-heterosexualitate, care pot lua diverse forme implicite sau explicite, inclusiv aversiune, dezgust, team&#259; sau ur&#259; (Goldberg, 2016, citat &icirc;n Pito&#328;&aacute;k, 2020). Deoarece <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Homofobia&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este orice atitudine negativ&#259; care poate duce la respingerea direct&#259; sau indirect&#259; &#537;i la discriminarea persoanelor lesbiene, gay sau bisexuale, a persoanelor cu orice alt&#259; orientare sexual&#259; sau a oric&#259;rei persoane al c&#259;ror aspect sau comportament nu este conform cu stereotipurile asociate cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/homophobia\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">homofobia<\/a> este &icirc;nc&#259; o form&#259; de intoleran&#539;&#259; larg r&#259;sp&acirc;ndit&#259; &icirc;n cadrul Uniunii Europene, Parlamentul European a emis o serie de documente &icirc;n care abordeaz&#259; aceast&#259; problem&#259;. Potrivit Parlamentului European, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Homofobia&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este orice atitudine negativ&#259; care poate duce la respingerea direct&#259; sau indirect&#259; &#537;i la discriminarea persoanelor lesbiene, gay sau bisexuale, a persoanelor cu orice alt&#259; orientare sexual&#259; sau a oric&#259;rei persoane al c&#259;ror aspect sau comportament nu este conform cu stereotipurile asociate cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/homophobia\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">homofobia<\/a> poate fi definit&#259; ca fiind &ldquo;teama &#537;i repulsia ira&#539;ional&#259; fa&#539;&#259; de homosexualitate &#537;i fa&#539;&#259; de persoanele lesbiene, gay, bisexuale, homosexuale &#537;i transsexuale, bazate pe prejudec&#259;&#539;i similare cu rasismul, xenofobia, antisemitismul &#537;i sexismul&rdquo;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Limbajul, glumele &#537;i comentariile homo\/trans\/bifobe pot fi un semn de prejudecat&#259; &icirc;mpotriva persoanelor non-<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un prefix latin care &icirc;nseamn&#259; &amp;quot;de aceea&#537;i parte cu&amp;quot; &#537;i, prin urmare, este un antonim al lui &amp;quot;trans-&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/cis\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cis<\/a> &#537;i non-heterosexuale din clas&#259;. Limbajul homofob pune <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Prejudecata&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o atitudine care are o component&#259; &icirc;n primul r&acirc;nd afectiv&#259; &#537;i care se bazeaz&#259; pe stereotipuri despre oameni. &Icirc;n general, acestea implic&#259; de obicei o evaluare negativ&#259; a grupurilor la care se refer&#259;, de&#537;i &icirc;n unele cazuri aceste evalu&#259;ri pot fi pozitive.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/prejudice\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">prejudecata<\/a> &icirc;n interac&#539;iunile de zi cu zi. Chiar dac&#259; prejudec&#259;&#539;ile nu sunt folosite &icirc;mpotriva anumitor elevi, ele creeaz&#259; un mediu ostil &icirc;n care elevii individuali se pot sim&#539;i inconfortabil. Limbajul homofob este reprezentat de cuvinte legate de comunitatea <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> care sunt folosite pentru a descrie activit&#259;&#539;i, lucruri sau alte persoane (care nu au leg&#259;tur&#259; direct&#259; cu comportamentul &#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Orientarea sexual&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la un model durabil de atrac&#539;ii emo&#539;ionale, romantice &#537;i\/sau sexuale fa&#539;&#259; de b&#259;rba&#539;i, femei sau fa&#539;&#259; de ambele sexe.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sexual-orientation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">orientarea sexual&#259;<\/a> sau cu <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a>) &#537;i care au o conota&#539;ie negativ&#259; &icirc;n contextul dat. Semnifica&#539;ia unor astfel de cuvinte ar trebui discutat&#259; cu elevii pentru a afla cum le &icirc;n&#539;eleg &#537;i dac&#259; le percep &icirc;n mod negativ (&#537;i, prin urmare, le folosesc &icirc;ntr-un sens ofensator). Chiar dac&#259; elevii percep aceste cuvinte &icirc;ntr-un sens mai neutru, este important ca ei s&#259; realizeze c&#259;, prin utilizarea lor, pot jigni f&#259;r&#259; s&#259; vrea persoanele gay, bisexuale &#537;i transsexuale (Smet&aacute;&#269;kov&aacute; 2009).<\/span><\/p><p><b>S&#259;n&#259;tate mintal&#259;, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Microagresiuni&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list {&amp;quot;ordered&amp;quot;:true} --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ol&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list-item --&amp;gt;(Pentru familii) sunt jigniri subtile, invalid&#259;ri &#537;i insulte care vizeaz&#259; persoane din cauza apartenen&#539;ei lor reale sau percepute la un grup marginalizat, &icirc;n acest caz, LGBTQ+. Microagresiunile, uneori, tind s&#259; fie incon&#537;tiente &#537;i dificil de identificat din cauza caracterului lor ambiguu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list-item --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list-item --&amp;gt;(Pentru educatori) sunt comportamente care comunic&#259; subtil sau indirect un mesaj depreciativ &#537;i\/sau ostil &#537;i care fac ca persoanele LGBTQ+ s&#259; se simt&#259; inconfortabil sau jignite. De exemplu, aceste agresiuni includ gesturi, &icirc;ntreb&#259;ri invazive, stereotipuri &#537;i altele.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list-item --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/ol&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/microagresiuni\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">microagresiuni<\/a><\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Glumele &#537;i comentariile homo\/trans\/bifobe afecteaz&#259; nu numai climatul clasei, ci &#537;i s&#259;n&#259;tatea mintal&#259; a indivizilor. S-a constatat c&#259; &#537;i comentariile discriminatorii &#537;i heterosexismul sunt asociate cu suferin&#539;a psihologic&#259; &icirc;n r&acirc;ndul persoanelor apar&#539;in&acirc;nd minorit&#259;&#539;ilor sexuale (Craney, Watson, Brownfield, &amp; Flores, 2018; Szymanski &amp; Mikorski, 2016).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Disparit&#259;&#539;ile de s&#259;n&#259;tate mintal&#259; &icirc;ntre tinerii apar&#539;in&acirc;nd minorit&#259;&#539;ilor sexuale &#537;i cei heterosexuali sunt adesea explicate prin experien&#539;e discriminatorii &#537;i respingere. De&#537;i multe studii se concentreaz&#259; asupra victimiz&#259;rii explicite, consecin&#539;ele discrimin&#259;rilor subtile, cotidiene (&ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Microagresiuni&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list {&amp;quot;ordered&amp;quot;:true} --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ol&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list-item --&amp;gt;(Pentru familii) sunt jigniri subtile, invalid&#259;ri &#537;i insulte care vizeaz&#259; persoane din cauza apartenen&#539;ei lor reale sau percepute la un grup marginalizat, &icirc;n acest caz, LGBTQ+. Microagresiunile, uneori, tind s&#259; fie incon&#537;tiente &#537;i dificil de identificat din cauza caracterului lor ambiguu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list-item --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list-item --&amp;gt;(Pentru educatori) sunt comportamente care comunic&#259; subtil sau indirect un mesaj depreciativ &#537;i\/sau ostil &#537;i care fac ca persoanele LGBTQ+ s&#259; se simt&#259; inconfortabil sau jignite. De exemplu, aceste agresiuni includ gesturi, &icirc;ntreb&#259;ri invazive, stereotipuri &#537;i altele.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list-item --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/ol&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/microagresiuni\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">microagresiuni<\/a>&rdquo;) &icirc;mpotriva tinerilor din minorit&#259;&#539;ile sexuale sunt &icirc;n mare parte nestudiate (Kaufman et al. 2017).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n esen&#539;&#259;, microagresiunile sunt diferite tipuri de &icirc;nt&acirc;lniri zilnice de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Discriminare&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;poate fi definit&#259; ca fiind tratamentul inegal &#537;i nefavorabil al unui subiect sau al unui grup ca urmare a unei prejudec&#259;&#539;i. Nu este vorba doar de judec&#259;&#539;i sau de sentimente nefavorabile, ci &#537;i de acte de intoleran&#539;&#259; care constau &icirc;n respingerea &#537;i\/sau excluderea persoanelor &icirc;mpotriva c&#259;rora se au prejudec&#259;&#539;i.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/discrimination\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">discriminare<\/a> subtil&#259; pe care persoanele din diferite grupuri marginalizate le experimenteaz&#259; de-a lungul vie&#539;ii lor (Sue et al., 2007). Unele <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Microagresiuni&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list {&amp;quot;ordered&amp;quot;:true} --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ol&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list-item --&amp;gt;(Pentru familii) sunt jigniri subtile, invalid&#259;ri &#537;i insulte care vizeaz&#259; persoane din cauza apartenen&#539;ei lor reale sau percepute la un grup marginalizat, &icirc;n acest caz, LGBTQ+. Microagresiunile, uneori, tind s&#259; fie incon&#537;tiente &#537;i dificil de identificat din cauza caracterului lor ambiguu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list-item --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list-item --&amp;gt;(Pentru educatori) sunt comportamente care comunic&#259; subtil sau indirect un mesaj depreciativ &#537;i\/sau ostil &#537;i care fac ca persoanele LGBTQ+ s&#259; se simt&#259; inconfortabil sau jignite. De exemplu, aceste agresiuni includ gesturi, &icirc;ntreb&#259;ri invazive, stereotipuri &#537;i altele.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list-item --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/ol&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/microagresiuni\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">microagresiuni<\/a> pot fi incon&#537;tiente (de exemplu, autorul nici m&#259;car nu &#537;tie c&#259; a f&#259;cut ceva), &icirc;n timp ce unele <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Microagresiuni&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list {&amp;quot;ordered&amp;quot;:true} --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ol&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list-item --&amp;gt;(Pentru familii) sunt jigniri subtile, invalid&#259;ri &#537;i insulte care vizeaz&#259; persoane din cauza apartenen&#539;ei lor reale sau percepute la un grup marginalizat, &icirc;n acest caz, LGBTQ+. Microagresiunile, uneori, tind s&#259; fie incon&#537;tiente &#537;i dificil de identificat din cauza caracterului lor ambiguu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list-item --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list-item --&amp;gt;(Pentru educatori) sunt comportamente care comunic&#259; subtil sau indirect un mesaj depreciativ &#537;i\/sau ostil &#537;i care fac ca persoanele LGBTQ+ s&#259; se simt&#259; inconfortabil sau jignite. De exemplu, aceste agresiuni includ gesturi, &icirc;ntreb&#259;ri invazive, stereotipuri &#537;i altele.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list-item --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/ol&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/microagresiuni\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">microagresiuni<\/a> pot fi neinten&#539;ionate (de exemplu, autorul poate fi con&#537;tient de ac&#539;iunile sale, dar poate s&#259; nu realizeze impactul negativ pe care &icirc;l poate avea asupra oamenilor).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pentru mai multe informa&#539;ii despre <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/11-microaggressions-6373\/11-1-homo-trans-biphobic-jokes-ezd_ampersand-microaggressions-6534\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">microagresiuni<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, pute&#539;i citi subiectul <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/11-microaggressions-6373\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">microagresiunilor<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;ntr-un mediu &#537;colar, este bine s&#259; observ&#259;m &#537;i s&#259; analiz&#259;m ce fel de glume apar &icirc;n s&#259;lile de clas&#259;. De multe ori, doar glumele pot fi semnale de h&#259;r&#539;uire &icirc;n primele sale etape, adic&#259; atunci c&acirc;nd este cel mai bine s&#259; ac&#539;ion&#259;m &icirc;mpotriva ei. Nu trece&#539;i cu vederea, &icirc;ntreba&#539;i elevii de ce spun astfel de glume &#537;i ce cred ei c&#259; &icirc;nseamn&#259; glumele. Glumele deschis homo\/trans\/bifobe reprezint&#259; o transgresiune major&#259; a normelor de grup &#537;i nu ar trebui s&#259; aib&#259; loc &icirc;n &#537;coal&#259;. &#536;coala nu ar trebui s&#259; le tolereze nici m&#259;car din partea elevilor &#537;i, mai ales, nu ar trebui s&#259; fie comise de c&#259;tre profesori.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dac&#259; cei care fac astfel de glume nepotrivite pur &#537;i simplu nu sunt con&#537;tien&#539;i de faptul c&#259; sunt nepotrivite, recomand&#259;m includerea unui program de prevenire care s&#259; introduc&#259; teme <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> &#537;i s&#259; adauge context. Un astfel de program ar trebui s&#259; includ&#259; o explica&#539;ie a subiectelor <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> &#537;i s&#259; dezvolte empatia fa&#539;&#259; de persoanele din comunitatea <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> &ndash; de exemplu, prin citirea de pove&#537;ti, vizionarea de documentare sau discu&#539;ii. &Icirc;n cazul &icirc;n care glumele nu &icirc;nceteaz&#259; dup&#259; un astfel de program, este recomandabil s&#259; se lucreze cu r&#259;sp&acirc;nditorii acestora &icirc;n mod individual, &icirc;n colaborare cu departamentul de consiliere &#537;colar&#259;.<\/span><\/p><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> &ndash; 11.1.3. SITUA&#538;II DE DISCRIMINARE LEGATE DE SUBIECT &ndash;<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Toate <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1IiF9u9SGUPXuwHsF5_L85LWGw1CaZjqH\/edit#bookmark=id.1ci93xb\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">situa&#539;iile de microagresiune men&#539;ionate mai sus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> pot fi incluse aici.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Este d&#259;un&#259;tor s&#259; faci glume despre persoanele sau comunit&#259;&#539;ile care sunt &icirc;n minoritate sau dezavantajate. Glumele submineaz&#259; sentimentul de stim&#259; de sine, creeaz&#259; team&#259; &#537;i influen&#539;eaz&#259; negativ capacitatea de &icirc;nv&#259;&#539;are a copilului. Glumele nepotrivite ar putea duce la &icirc;ndoial&#259; de sine &#537;i la restric&#539;ionarea comportamentului &ndash; ascunderea modului &icirc;n care sunt cu adev&#259;rat &#537;i a ceea ce simt de team&#259;.<\/span><\/p><h3>11.1.4. BUNE PRACTICI<\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deoarece tinerii homosexuali, bisexuali &#537;i transsexuali fac parte din toate comunit&#259;&#539;ile &#537;i tr&#259;iesc &icirc;n toate zonele, nevoile lor ar trebui s&#259; fie incluse &icirc;n toate serviciile pentru tineret. Pentru a preveni glumele &#537;i comentariile homo\/trans\/bifobe &icirc;n &#537;coala dumneavoastr&#259;, pute&#539;i face unele dintre urm&#259;toarele:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sensibilizarea &#537;i &icirc;n&#539;elegerea problemelor legate de <\/span><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Orientarea sexual&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la un model durabil de atrac&#539;ii emo&#539;ionale, romantice &#537;i\/sau sexuale fa&#539;&#259; de b&#259;rba&#539;i, femei sau fa&#539;&#259; de ambele sexe.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sexual-orientation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">orientarea sexual&#259;<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Identitatea de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este percep&#539;ia personal&#259; interioar&#259; a propriei identit&#259;&#539;i, legat&#259; de defini&#539;iile sociale &#537;i culturale ale genului. Identitatea de gen a unei persoane poate fi congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (cisgender) sau poate diferi de acesta &icirc;n diverse moduri.&nbsp; Pentru majoritatea persoanelor, identitatea de gen este congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit; pentru persoanele trans, nonbinare &#537;i alte persoane cu genuri diverse, identitatea de gen difer&#259; &icirc;n mai multe grade de sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (APA, 2015).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">identitatea de gen<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#537;i <\/span><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Expresia de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este expresia social&#259; a identit&#259;&#539;ii de gen a unui individ, inclusiv utilizarea numelui, a pronumelor, a &icirc;mbr&#259;c&#259;mintei, a tunsorii, a comportamentului, a vocii sau a caracteristicilor corporale.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-expression\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">expresia de gen<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. &Icirc;n mod ideal, implic&acirc;nd &icirc;n acela&#537;i timp p&#259;r&#539;ile interesate din &#537;coal&#259;, cum ar fi profesorii, personalul &#537;colar, elevii &#537;i p&#259;rin&#539;ii. Acest lucru poate fi realizat prin mai multe etape (O&rsquo;Brien, &amp; McEvoy, 2010; Pawlak, 2018):&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Introducerea unui curs de formare pentru profesori pe tema orient&#259;rii sexuale &#537;i a identit&#259;&#539;ii de gen, organizat de o organiza&#539;ie <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Includerea subiectelor <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;SOGIE&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;orientare sexual&#259;, identitate de gen &#537;i expresie de gen&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sogie\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">SOGIE<\/a> (orientare sexual&#259;, identitate &#537;i expresie de gen) &icirc;n curriculum, utilizarea de manuale &#537;i materiale &#537;colare incluzive.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">crearea unei politici &#537;colare care s&#259; abordeze discriminarea, h&#259;r&#539;uirea &#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Violen&#539;a&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o &icirc;nc&#259;lcare grav&#259; a drepturilor omului, care limiteaz&#259; dreptul oamenilor la via&#539;&#259;, libertate, securitate, demnitate, integritate fizic&#259; &#537;i psihic&#259; &#537;i nediscriminare.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/violence\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">violen&#539;a<\/a> bazate pe <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;SOGIE&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;orientare sexual&#259;, identitate de gen &#537;i expresie de gen&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sogie\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">SOGIE<\/a>.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dezvoltarea capacit&#259;&#539;ilor de orientare &#537;i consiliere &#537;colar&#259; pentru a se asigura c&#259; elevii pot raporta evenimentele homo\/bi\/transfobe &#537;i pot primi ajutor.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;nv&#259;&#539;a&#539;i-i pe copii empatie. Explica&#539;i-le c&#259; glumele pot r&#259;ni. Sau, mai bine, &icirc;nv&#259;&#539;a&#539;i-i c&#259;, dac&#259; o glum&#259; doare, nu este o glum&#259;, ci violen&#539;&#259;. A&#539;i putea folosi filme sau alte pove&#537;ti pentru a construi o anumit&#259; empatie cu persoanele <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dac&#259; &icirc;i auzi&#539;i pe copii f&#259;c&acirc;nd glume nepotrivite, reac&#539;iona&#539;i. Pute&#539;i discuta &icirc;mpreun&#259; ce este problematic &icirc;n glum&#259;. &Icirc;ncuraja&#539;i copiii s&#259; se g&acirc;ndeasc&#259; &#537;i s&#259; discute cu colegii lor despre caracterul adecvat al glumelor. &Icirc;ncuraja&#539;i-i pe copii s&#259; ia ap&#259;rarea celorlal&#539;i atunci c&acirc;nd sunt martori la astfel de cazuri. A lua atitudine reprezint&#259; prevenirea violen&#539;ei, a xenofobiei &#537;i a h&#259;r&#539;uirii.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Cum s&#259; vorbe&#537;ti &icirc;mpotriva homo\/bi\/transfobiei?<\/b><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><i>&Icirc;ntrerupe&#539;i. <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ridica&#539;i-v&#259; &icirc;mpotriva comentariilor tenden&#539;ioase, de fiecare dat&#259;, f&#259;r&#259; excep&#539;ie.<\/span><\/i><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><i>&Icirc;ntrebare.<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Pune&#539;i &icirc;ntreb&#259;ri simple pentru a afla de ce a fost f&#259;cut comentariul &#537;i cum poate fi abordat.<\/span><\/i><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><i>Educa&#539;i. <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Explica&#539;i de ce un cuv&acirc;nt sau o fraz&#259; este jignitoare sau ofensatoare &#537;i &icirc;ncuraja&#539;i persoana care vorbe&#537;te s&#259; aleag&#259; un limbaj diferit. Ajuta&#539;i elevii s&#259; fac&#259; diferen&#539;a &icirc;ntre inten&#539;ie &#537;i impact.&nbsp;<\/span><\/i><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><i>Ecou. <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n timp ce vocea unei singure persoane este puternic&#259;, o colec&#539;ie de voci incit&#259; la schimbare. &rdquo; (&Icirc;nv&#259;&#539;are pentru justi&#539;ie 2021)<\/span><\/i><\/li><\/ul><h3>11.1.5. REFERIN&#538;E<\/h3><p>Craney, R. S., Watson, L. B., Brownfield, J., &amp; Flores, M. J. (2018). Bisexual women&rsquo;s discriminatory experiences and psychological distress: Exploring the roles of coping and LGBTQ community connectedness. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5, 324&ndash;337. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/sgd0000276\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/sgd0000276<\/a><\/p><p>Gouvernement du Qu&eacute;bec (2021) <em>Improved understanding and practices for sexual and gender diversity in schools: guide for educational institutions. <\/em>Gouvernement du Qu&eacute;bec, Minist&egrave;re de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation.<\/p><p>Kaufman, T. M. L., et al. (2017). &ldquo;Microaggressions and depressive symptoms in sexual minority youth: The roles of rumination and social support.&rdquo; Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 4(2): 184-192.<\/p><p>Learning for Justice. (2021). Best practices for serving LGBTQ students: A Teaching Tolerance guide. Southern Poverty Law Centre, Alabama, USA.<\/p><p>Meyer, I. H. (2003). &ldquo;Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence.&rdquo; <em>Psychol Bull 129 (5)<\/em>, 674-697.<\/p><p>Nadal, K. L. (2014). &ldquo;Stop Saying &ldquo;That&rsquo;s So Gay!&rdquo;: 6 Types of Microaggressions That Harm LGBTQ People.&rdquo; Psychology benefits.org<\/p><p>Nadal, K. L., Skolnik, A., &amp; Wong, Y. (2012). Interpersonal and systemic microaggressions: Psychological impacts on transgender individuals and communities. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 6(1), 55-82.<\/p><p>Nadal, K. L. Issa, M., Leon, J., Meterko, V., Wideman, M., &amp; Wong, Y. (2011). Sexual orientation microaggressions: &ldquo;Death by a thousand cuts&rdquo; for lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of LGBT Youth, 8(3), 1-26.<\/p><p>O&rsquo;Brien, C. A., &amp; McEvoy, O. (2010). <em>Addressing homophobia. Guidelines for the youth sector in Ireland<\/em>. Belong to youth services. Ireland.<\/p><p>Pawlak, P. (2018). School-Related Violence and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Bullying&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;(inclusiv cyber-bullying): este un comportament agresiv nedorit. din partea unui alt copil sau a unui grup de copii care nu sunt nici fra&#539;i &#537;i nici nu au o rela&#539;ie romantic&#259; cu victima. Implic&#259; v&#259;t&#259;m&#259;ri fizice, psihologice sau sociale repetate &#537;i are loc adesea &icirc;n &#537;coli &#537;i &icirc;n alte medii &icirc;n care se adun&#259; copiii, precum &#537;i online.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/bullying\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Bullying<\/a> on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity or Expression (<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;SOGIE&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;orientare sexual&#259;, identitate de gen &#537;i expresie de gen&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sogie\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">SOGIE<\/a>): Synthesis Report on China, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. UNESCO Bangkok.<\/p><p>Pito&#328;&aacute;k, M. (2017). Mental health in non-heterosexuals: Minority stress theory and related explanation frameworks review. Mental Health &amp; Prevention, 5, 63-73. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mhp.2016.10.002\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mhp.2016.10.002<\/a><\/p><p>Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M., Nadal, K. L., &amp; Esquilin, M. E. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for counseling. The American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286.<\/p><p>Smet&aacute;&#269;kov&aacute;, I., &amp; Braun, R. (2009). <em>Homofobie v &#382;&aacute;kovsk&yacute;ch kolektivech: homofobn&iacute; obt&#283;&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; a &scaron;ikana na z&aacute;kladn&iacute;ch a st&#345;edn&iacute;ch &scaron;kol&aacute;ch-jak se projevuje a jak se proti n&iacute; br&aacute;nit: dopl&#328;kov&yacute; v&yacute;ukov&yacute; materi&aacute;l pro Z&Scaron; a S&Scaron; v&#269;etn&#283; didaktick&eacute; aplikace t&eacute;matu<\/em>. &Uacute;&#345;ad vl&aacute;dy &#268;esk&eacute; republiky.<\/p><p>Szymanski, D. M., &amp; Mikorski, R. (2016). External and internalized <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Heterosexism&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;ideologie care promoveaz&#259; conven&#539;ionalitatea genului, heterosexualitatea &#537;i familia tradi&#539;ional&#259; ca fiind singurul mod de a fi al oamenilor, discrimin&acirc;nd &#537;i subapreciind toate celelalte orient&#259;ri sexuale.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/heterosexism\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">heterosexism<\/a>, meaning in life, and psychological distress. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3, 265&ndash;274. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/sgd0000182\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/sgd0000182<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &ndash; v3.12.2 &ndash; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=&rdquo;.svg&rdquo;]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} \/*! elementor &ndash; v3.12.2 &ndash; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&ndash;spacer-size)}.e-con{&ndash;container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(&ndash;container-widget-width,var(&ndash;spacer-size));&ndash;align-self:var(&ndash;container-widget-align-self,initial);&ndash;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&ndash;container-widget-height,var(&ndash;spacer-size))} Glumele la adresa persoanelor <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> sunt adesea rezultatul homo\/trans\/binegativit&#259;&#539;ii (cunoscut&#259; &#537;i sub numele de homo\/trans\/bifobie) &#537;i ar putea fi un semn al acesteia. Chiar dac&#259; cuv&acirc;ntul fobie este asociat cu frica, care poate fi, [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":10128,"menu_order":33,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-10287","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10287","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10287"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10287\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10128"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=10287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}