{"id":10207,"date":"2023-04-28T18:27:18","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T18:27:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-families\/9-environment-influences-8828\/9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-8981\/"},"modified":"2023-05-23T11:07:58","modified_gmt":"2023-05-23T11:07:58","slug":"9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-8981","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/docs\/guide-for-families\/9-environment-influences-8828\/9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-8981\/","title":{"rendered":"9.1. MASCULINITATEA HEGEMONIC\u0102 \u0218I HETEROSEXISMUL"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10207\" class=\"elementor elementor-10207 elementor-8981\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f97263b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f97263b\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-03a0cf7\" data-id=\"03a0cf7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88fd52e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"88fd52e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8696\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f5a912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1f5a912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9db565 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b9db565\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Masculinitatea hegemonic&#259; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Conell, 2005): un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include, de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de vedere al genului. Aceasta combin&#259; mai multe caracteristici: o ierarhie a masculinit&#259;&#539;ilor, accesul diferen&#539;iat al b&#259;rba&#539;ilor la putere (asupra femeilor &#537;i a altor b&#259;rba&#539;i) &#537;i interac&#539;iunea dintre identitatea b&#259;rba&#539;ilor, idealurile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor, interac&#539;iunile, puterea &#537;i patriarhia.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><b>Heterosexismul <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Ingraham, 1996): ideologie care promoveaz&#259; conven&#539;ionalitatea genului, heterosexualitatea &#537;i familia tradi&#539;ional&#259; ca fiind singurul mod de a fi al oamenilor, discrimin&acirc;nd &#537;i subapreciind toate celelalte orient&#259;ri sexuale<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d49af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d49af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>9.1.1. INTRODUCERE<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n primul r&acirc;nd, trebuie s&#259; lu&#259;m &icirc;n considerare faptul c&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; care, &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul nostru, determin&#259; comportamente, atitudini, valori, a&#537;tept&#259;ri etc., care sunt considerate mai tipice pentru b&#259;rba&#539;i (sau masculine) sau mai tipice pentru femei (sau feminine) (Whitehead et al., 2012). Aceast&#259; construc&#539;ie binar&#259;, pe l&acirc;ng&#259; faptul c&#259; las&#259; pe dinafar&#259; alte genuri\/identit&#259;&#539;i (persoane non-binare, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Adjectiv folosit de unele persoane a c&#259;ror orientare sexual&#259; nu este exclusiv heterosexual&#259;. Acest termen general include persoanele care au identit&#259;&#539;i nonbinare, de gen fluid sau care nu se conformeaz&#259; la gen.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a>, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen generic folosit pentru a descrie o gam&#259; larg&#259; de varia&#539;ii naturale ale corpului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> etc.), s-a stabilit pe baze inegale, &icirc;n care &ldquo;masculinul&rdquo; sau caracteristicile considerate proprii acestuia au fost mai valorizate dec&acirc;t cele considerate &ldquo;feminine&rdquo;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pentru mai multe informa&#539;ii, pute&#539;i citi subiectul privind <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/docs\/guide-for-families\/2-identity-gender-diversity-8804\/2-1-gender-identity-8855\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">identitatea de gen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acest lucru nu a avut un impact doar asupra femeilor, ci a influen&#539;at &#537;i a f&#259;cut r&#259;u tuturor b&#259;rba&#539;ilor care nu se conformeaz&#259; acestui <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Stereotip&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;const&#259; &icirc;ntr-un set de convingeri comune cu privire la caracteristicile, atributele personale &#537;i comportamentele pe care le au membrii unui grup.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/stereotype\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">stereotip<\/a> al masculinit&#259;&#539;ii &#537;i minorit&#259;&#539;ilor sexuale care nu subscriu la aceste coduri. Acest lucru se datoreaz&#259; faptului c&#259; masculinitatea hegemonic&#259; este construit&#259; &icirc;n jurul a patru axe principale (M&eacute;ndez, 2002):<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ideologia patriarhal&#259; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">care propune ca b&#259;rba&#539;ii s&#259; fie cei care de&#539;in puterea &#537;i &icirc;&#537;i legitimeaz&#259; domina&#539;ia asupra celorlal&#539;i.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Individualismul<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, care stabile&#537;te c&#259; &ldquo;persoana ideal&#259;&rdquo; este cea care este autosuficient&#259; prin ea &icirc;ns&#259;&#537;i, ra&#539;ional&#259; &#537;i capabil&#259; s&#259;-&#537;i impun&#259; voin&#539;a.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Excluderea\/subordonarea celorlal&#539;i<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, adic&#259; a celor care nu corespund acestei idei de &ldquo;masculinitate&rdquo;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Heterosexismul<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, care porne&#537;te de la premisa c&#259; &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Orientarea sexual&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la un model durabil de atrac&#539;ii emo&#539;ionale, romantice &#537;i\/sau sexuale fa&#539;&#259; de b&#259;rba&#539;i, femei sau fa&#539;&#259; de ambele sexe.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sexual-orientation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">orientarea sexual&#259;<\/a> ideal&#259;&rdquo; este heterosexualitatea &#537;i discrimineaz&#259; &#537;i incrimineaz&#259; orice alt&#259; orientare (cum ar fi homo- sau bisexualitatea). <\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n concluzie, aceast&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masculinitate hegemonic&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include &#537;i de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de vedere al genului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/hegemonic-masculinity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">masculinitate hegemonic&#259;<\/a> se construie&#537;te &icirc;n principal &icirc;ntre egali prin respingerea a tot ceea ce este feminin &#537;i prin asumarea patriarhatului. Ea se construie&#537;te din negare fa&#539;&#259; de femei &#537;i fa&#539;&#259; de orice minoritate sexual&#259;.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.1.2. DEZVOLTAREA SUBIECTULUI<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dar cum &icirc;nv&#259;&#539;&#259;m toate acestea? Cum se transmite aceast&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masculinitate hegemonic&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include &#537;i de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de vedere al genului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/hegemonic-masculinity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">masculinitate hegemonic&#259;<\/a>? Cum ne ocup&#259;m de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Heteronormativitate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este conceptul care descrie heterosexualitatea ca fiind norma &icirc;n societatea noastr&#259;. Presupune heterosexualitatea tuturor &#537;i binaritatea de gen (b&#259;rbat sau femeie).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/heteronormativity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">heteronormativitate<\/a>?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A&#537;a cum am mai spus, copiii sunt socializa&#539;i &icirc;ntr-o cultur&#259; heteronormativ&#259; &icirc;n care, prin contactul cu ceilal&#539;i, cu mediul &icirc;n care tr&#259;im (familie, &#537;coal&#259;, liceu etc.), &icirc;n mass-media etc. Ne asum&#259;m &#537;i interioriz&#259;m treptat cum ar trebui s&#259; fim, cum ar trebui s&#259; ne comport&#259;m, &icirc;nt&#259;rind binarismul de gen (feminitate\/masculinitate) &#537;i recompens&acirc;nd atitudinile considerate tipice heterosexualit&#259;&#539;ii.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prin urmare, societatea ne instaleaz&#259; acest tip de cultur&#259; prin diferite canale &#537;i mesaje. De exemplu, hainele pentru b&#259;ie&#539;i rareori au flori, anim&#259;lu&#539;e, sunt roz&hellip; &icirc;n acest fel, copiii integreaz&#259; ce haine trebuie sau nu s&#259; poarte. Sau, de exemplu, atunci c&acirc;nd &icirc;i spunem unui b&#259;iat c&#259; &ldquo;pl&acirc;nsul este pentru fete&rdquo; &icirc;i model&#259;m caracterul, spun&acirc;ndu-i ce trebuie s&#259; fac&#259; sau s&#259; nu fac&#259;, sau cum trebuie sau nu s&#259; se comporte. Sau, atunci c&acirc;nd o fat&#259; vrea s&#259; joace fotbal &#537;i se &icirc;mbrac&#259; &icirc;ntr-un mod masculin, iar colegii ei &icirc;ncep s&#259; se refere la ea ca la un &ldquo;b&#259;ie&#539;el&rdquo;, ei &icirc;i transmit o idee despre ceea ce este un comportament acceptabil &#537;i ceea ce nu este pentru <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> ei.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acest tip de socializare care stabile&#537;te care sunt practicile hegemonice &#537;i consolideaz&#259; expresiile &#537;i orient&#259;rile normative are un efect negativ asupra bun&#259;st&#259;rii &#537;i s&#259;n&#259;t&#259;&#539;ii mintale a celor care nu se conformeaz&#259; acestora, cum ar fi copiii &#537;i adolescen&#539;ii care apar&#539;in minorit&#259;&#539;ilor sexuale (homosexuali, lesbiene, bisexuali, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Adjectiv folosit de unele persoane a c&#259;ror orientare sexual&#259; nu este exclusiv heterosexual&#259;. Acest termen general include persoanele care au identit&#259;&#539;i nonbinare, de gen fluid sau care nu se conformeaz&#259; la gen.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a>, transsexuali etc.) (Flores, Abboud, &amp; Barroso, 2019). De fapt, studiile au ar&#259;tat cum unele dintre aceste efecte sunt: performan&#539;e academice mai slabe, stres psihologic, depresie, stim&#259; de sine sc&#259;zut&#259; &#537;i chiar abuz de substan&#539;e (Bauermeister et al., 2017).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n ultimii ani, din fericire, exist&#259; o con&#537;tientizare din ce &icirc;n ce mai mare a sistemului heteronormativ &icirc;n care tr&#259;im &#537;i, prin urmare, o mai mic&#259; aderen&#539;&#259; la acesta. Acest lucru face ca oamenii s&#259; se poat&#259; exprima liber &#537;i s&#259; nu fie nevoi&#539;i s&#259; urmeze codurile rigide deja men&#539;ionate. <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cu toate acestea, &icirc;n calitate de p&#259;rin&#539;i, este important s&#259; fim con&#537;tien&#539;i de propriile stereotipuri &#537;i presupuneri &#537;i s&#259; men&#539;inem o comunicare deschis&#259; cu copiii no&#537;tri &icirc;n tot ceea ce &#539;ine de <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> &#537;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexualitate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen aplicat la modul &icirc;n care oamenii tr&#259;iesc &#537;i se exprim&#259; ca fiin&#539;e sexuale.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sexuality\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexualitate<\/a>, ceea ce &icirc;i poate ajuta s&#259; primeasc&#259; informa&#539;iile specifice de care au nevoie, s&#259; &#537;tie c&#259; ceea ce simt nu este ciudat sau rar sau s&#259; &icirc;i ajute s&#259; fac&#259; fa&#539;&#259; socializ&#259;rii sexuale &#537;i s&#259; &icirc;&#537;i &icirc;mbun&#259;t&#259;&#539;easc&#259; starea de bine (Flores &amp; Barroso, 2017). <\/span><\/p><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> &ndash; 9.1.3. <b>SITUA&#538;II DE DISCRIMINARE LEGATE DE SUBIECT<\/b> &ndash; <i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Imagina&#539;i-v&#259; c&#259; merge&#539;i cu fiica dvs. la o reuniune de familie, c&acirc;nd ajunge&#539;i, imediat ce v&#259; saluta&#539;i, toat&#259; lumea o &icirc;ntreab&#259; pe fiica dvs. de 15 ani (Laura) dac&#259; a avut deja un iubit. Observa&#539;i fa&#539;a de disconfort &#537;i triste&#539;e a fiicei dvs. &#537;i comenta&#539;i: &ldquo;este &icirc;nc&#259; t&acirc;n&#259;r&#259;, va avea timp s&#259; se &icirc;nt&acirc;lneasc&#259; cu mul&#539;i b&#259;ie&#539;i, nu o cople&#537;i&#539;i&rdquo;: C&acirc;nd v&#259; &icirc;ntoarce&#539;i acas&#259;, ea este &icirc;nc&#259; ab&#259;tut&#259; &#537;i practic nu vorbe&#537;te. Cum observa&#539;i c&#259; ceva nu este &icirc;n regul&#259;, v&#259; a&#537;eza&#539;i cu ea &#537;i o &icirc;ntreba&#539;i ce se &icirc;nt&acirc;mpl&#259;. Ea m&#259;rturise&#537;te c&#259; nu &#537;tie dac&#259; este atras&#259; de b&#259;ie&#539;i sau de fete, c&#259; nu este ca restul &#537;i dac&#259; nu cumva este ceva &icirc;n neregul&#259; cu ea, pentru c&#259; tuturor prietenelor ei le plac b&#259;ie&#539;ii &#537;i, acas&#259;, o &icirc;ntreba&#539;i mereu despre iubi&#539;i. Ar fi indicat ca, &icirc;n acest moment, s&#259;v&#259; cere&#539;i scuze pentru gre&#537;eal&#259;, pentru c&#259; a&#539;i presupus c&#259; &icirc;i plac b&#259;ie&#539;ii f&#259;r&#259; s&#259; o fi &icirc;ntrebat &#537;i s&#259;-i explica&#539;i c&#259; sunt mult mai multe persoane c&#259;rora le plac &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ii &#537;i fetele, sau doar fetele, sau c&#259;, poate nu sunt atrase de nimeni &#537;i c&#259;, nu este nimic &icirc;n neregul&#259; cu asta.&nbsp; Dup&#259; aceasta, dac&#259; nu &#537;ti&#539;i ce a&#539;i mai putea face: &icirc;ncerca&#539;i s&#259; c&#259;uta&#539;i pe internet sau pe re&#539;elele de socializare referen&#539;i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> pentru ca &#537;i copilul dvs. s&#259; nu se simt&#259; a&#537;a &#537;i s&#259; vede&#539;i c&#259; poate avea oameni de referin&#539;&#259;, sau verifica&#539;i dac&#259; exist&#259; vreun grup <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> &icirc;n ora&#537;ul\/apropierea dvs.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.1.4. BUNE PRACTICI<\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n calitate de p&#259;rin&#539;i, este important s&#259; lua&#539;i &icirc;n considerare mai multe aspecte:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trebuie s&#259; &icirc;ncerca&#539;i s&#259; oferi&#539;i vizibilitate &#537;i normalitate diferitelor identit&#259;&#539;i &#537;i orient&#259;ri sexuale. F&#259;r&#259; a presupune &icirc;n niciun caz c&#259; &#537;i copilul dumneavoastr&#259; este <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un prefix latin care &icirc;nseamn&#259; &amp;quot;de aceea&#537;i parte cu&amp;quot; &#537;i, prin urmare, este un antonim al lui &amp;quot;trans-&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/cis\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cis<\/a> (sexul s&#259;u corespunde genului s&#259;u) sau heterosexual. Prin urmare, este important s&#259; acorda&#539;i aten&#539;ie limbajului, presupunerilor, &icirc;ntreb&#259;rilor (de exemplu, &icirc;n loc s&#259; &icirc;i &icirc;ntreba&#539;i dac&#259; a un iubit\/iubit&#259;, ar trebui s&#259; folosi&#539;i un limbaj neutru, cum ar fi &ldquo;te &icirc;nt&acirc;lne&#537;ti cu cineva?&rdquo;)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;ncerca&#539;i s&#259; le permite&#539;i copiilor dvs. s&#259; se &icirc;mbrace a&#537;a cum cred ei c&#259; este potrivit (f&#259;r&#259; a urma mandatele de gen), s&#259; practice diferite hobby-uri, adic&#259; s&#259; se exprime liber &icirc;n oricare dintre modurile &icirc;n care aleg s&#259; o fac&#259; (&#537;i s&#259;rb&#259;tori&#539;i curajul lor dac&#259; acest lucru pune la &icirc;ndoial&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Rolurile de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la comportamentele &#537;i activit&#259;&#539;ile pe care le atribuim oamenilor &icirc;n func&#539;ie de sexul lor biologic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-roles\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">rolurile de gen<\/a> predominante).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fi&#539;i interesa&#539;i de preocup&#259;rile &#537;i sentimentele lor &#537;i, dac&#259; sunt lucruri pe care nu le &icirc;n&#539;elege&#539;i, pune&#539;i-le &icirc;ntreb&#259;ri sau c&#259;uta&#539;i informa&#539;ii, &icirc;ntotdeauna cu o atitudine deschis&#259; &#537;i respectuoas&#259;.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"color: #1d2746\">9.1.5. REFERIN&#538;E<\/span><\/p><p>Bauermeister, J., Connochie, D., Jadwin-Cakmak, L., &amp; Meanley, S. (2017). Gender policing during childhood and the psychological well-being of young adult sexual minority men. <em>American Journal of Men&rsquo;s Health, 11(3)<\/em>, 693&ndash;701. doi:10.1177\/ 1557988316680938<\/p><p>Connell, R. W., &amp; Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. <em>Gender &amp; society, 19(6)<\/em>, 829-859.<\/p><p>Flores, D., Abboud, S., &amp; Barroso, J. (2019) Hegemonic Masculinity During Parent-Child <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Sex<\/a> Communication with Sexual Minority Male Adolescents. <em>American Journal of Sexuality Education, 14(4)<\/em>, 417-439. DOI: 10.1080\/15546128.2019.1626312<\/p><p>Flores, D., &amp; Barroso, J. (2017). 21st century parent&ndash;child <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> communication in the United States: A process review. <em>The Journal of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Sex<\/a> Research, 54(4-5)<\/em>, 532-548.<\/p><p>Ingraham, C. (1994). The heterosexual imaginary: Feminist sociology and theories of gender.&nbsp;<em>Sociological theory<\/em>, 203-219.<\/p><p>M&eacute;ndez, L. B. (2002). Masculinidad hegem&oacute;nica e identidad masculina. <em>Dossiers feministes<\/em>, 7-35.<\/p><p>Whitehead, J. C., Thomas, J., Forkner, B., &amp; LaMonica, D. (2012). Reluctant gatekeepers: &lsquo;Trans-positive&rsquo; practitioners and the social construction of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> and gender. <em>Journal of Gender Studies, 21(4)<\/em>, 387-400.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &ndash; v3.12.2 &ndash; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=&rdquo;.svg&rdquo;]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} \/*! elementor &ndash; v3.12.2 &ndash; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&ndash;spacer-size)}.e-con{&ndash;container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(&ndash;container-widget-width,var(&ndash;spacer-size));&ndash;align-self:var(&ndash;container-widget-align-self,initial);&ndash;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&ndash;container-widget-height,var(&ndash;spacer-size))} Masculinitatea hegemonic&#259; (Conell, 2005): un set de valori, stabilit de b&#259;rba&#539;ii afla&#539;i la putere, care are rolul de a include, de a exclude &#537;i de a organiza societatea &icirc;n moduri inegale din punct de [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":10088,"menu_order":28,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-10207","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10207","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10207"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10207\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10088"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10207"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=10207"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}