{"id":10177,"date":"2023-04-04T17:40:21","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T17:40:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/2-identity-gender-diversity-6353\/2-1-gender-identity-6474\/"},"modified":"2023-05-22T14:21:35","modified_gmt":"2023-05-22T14:21:35","slug":"2-1-gender-identity-6474","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/2-identity-gender-diversity-6353\/2-1-gender-identity-6474\/","title":{"rendered":"2.1. IDENTITATEA DE GEN"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10177\" class=\"elementor elementor-10177 elementor-6474\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51c4750f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51c4750f\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-56e83ba0\" data-id=\"56e83ba0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f83c35b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f83c35b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_identity_for_kids_education_e8f44108-7b72-4bcb-916f-ab078c528432_1-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9324\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_identity_for_kids_education_e8f44108-7b72-4bcb-916f-ab078c528432_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_identity_for_kids_education_e8f44108-7b72-4bcb-916f-ab078c528432_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_identity_for_kids_education_e8f44108-7b72-4bcb-916f-ab078c528432_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_identity_for_kids_education_e8f44108-7b72-4bcb-916f-ab078c528432_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_identity_for_kids_education_e8f44108-7b72-4bcb-916f-ab078c528432_1-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_identity_for_kids_education_e8f44108-7b72-4bcb-916f-ab078c528432_1.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2126e55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2126e55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48d1258 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48d1258\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Genul<\/a> unei persoane este o interrela&#539;ie complex&#259; &icirc;ntre trei dimensiuni: corp, identitate &#537;i expresie social&#259;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sistemul nostru de gen a fost non-binar &icirc;nc&#259; de la &icirc;nceputul timpului.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Copiii transsexuali pot &#537;ti &icirc;nc&#259; din copil&#259;rie c&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> atribuit la na&#537;tere nu corespunde identit&#259;&#539;ii lor de gen.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Un profesor poate contribui la crearea unui mediu &#537;colar sigur &#537;i incluziv dac&#259;, de exemplu, vorbe&#537;te despre diversitatea identit&#259;&#539;ilor de gen &icirc;n cadrul lec&#539;iilor sale.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24deb5f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24deb5f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>2.1.1. INTRODUCERE<\/strong><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Explorarea &#537;i g&#259;sirea identit&#259;&#539;ii, inclusiv a identit&#259;&#539;ii de gen, poate fi o c&#259;l&#259;torie dificil&#259; care poate include o stim&#259; de sine sc&#259;zut&#259;, &icirc;ntreb&#259;ri, c&#259;ut&#259;ri, temeri &#537;i pierderi, dar &#537;i bucurie, descoperirea de sine &#537;i un sentiment de apartenen&#539;&#259;. O parte din identitatea unei persoane este dorin&#539;a de a apar&#539;ine unui grup, dar aceast&#259; dorin&#539;&#259; poate fi un obstacol &icirc;n calea definirii, accept&#259;rii &#537;i dezv&#259;luirii f&#259;r&#259; durere a identit&#259;&#539;ii de gen. Prin urmare, este important ca, atunci c&acirc;nd educ&#259;m &#537;i cre&#537;tem tinerii, s&#259; ne concentr&#259;m &#537;i asupra aspectelor legate de diversitatea de gen.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;mp&#259;rt&#259;&#537;irea de informa&#539;ii bazate pe &#537;tiin&#539;&#259; este o modalitate de a-i sprijini pe tineri &icirc;n c&#259;l&#259;toria lor. &Icirc;n plus, abordarea acestui subiect le transmite tinerilor un semnal clar c&#259; diferitele identit&#259;&#539;i &#537;i expresii de gen fac parte din diversitatea normal&#259; a societ&#259;&#539;ii, ceea ce &icirc;i permite t&acirc;n&#259;rului s&#259; devin&#259; un adult sigur &#537;i fericit. &Icirc;n lumea de ast&#259;zi, &icirc;n care, de exemplu, educa&#539;ia sexual&#259; &#537;i problemele <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> s-au transformat adesea &icirc;n subiecte politizate, este deosebit de important s&#259; le vorbim tinerilor despre aceste probleme &icirc;n mod deschis, cu ceva curaj &#537;i folosind o abordare bazat&#259; pe &#537;tiin&#539;&#259;. &Icirc;n plus, numeroase informa&#539;ii despre identit&#259;&#539;ile de gen sunt disponibile &icirc;n social media &#537;i &icirc;n diferite seriale progresiste, astfel &icirc;nc&acirc;t genera&#539;ia t&acirc;n&#259;r&#259; poate fi uneori informat&#259; despre gen chiar mai divers dec&acirc;t p&#259;rin&#539;ii sau educatorii lor.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><h3>2.1.2.<strong> DEZVOLTAREA SUBTEMEI<\/strong><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">De&#537;i sexul biologic al unei persoane include anatomia (s&acirc;ni, vagin, penis, testicule), fiziologia (func&#539;ionarea sistemului hormonal, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Ciclul menstrual&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un ciclu controlat de hormoni, care poate dura &icirc;ntre 21 &#537;i 35 de zile, &icirc;n func&#539;ie de organism, &#537;i este legat de func&#539;iile uterului &#537;i ale ovarelor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/menstruation-cycle\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">ciclul menstrual<\/a>, produc&#539;ia de sperm&#259;) &#537;i genetica (tipuri de cromozomi) (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;OMS&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Organiza&#539;ia Mondial&#259; a S&#259;n&#259;t&#259;&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/who\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>OMS<\/a>, s.d.), la na&#537;tere, sexul unui nou-n&#259;scut este atribuit ca fiind fie de <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> masculin, fie de <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> feminin (unele &#539;&#259;ri ofer&#259; o a treia op&#539;iune), &icirc;n principal pe baza organelor genitale ale copilului. &#536;i presupunem c&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Identitatea de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este percep&#539;ia personal&#259; interioar&#259; a propriei identit&#259;&#539;i, legat&#259; de defini&#539;iile sociale &#537;i culturale ale genului. Identitatea de gen a unei persoane poate fi congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (cisgender) sau poate diferi de acesta &icirc;n diverse moduri.&nbsp; Pentru majoritatea persoanelor, identitatea de gen este congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit; pentru persoanele trans, nonbinare &#537;i alte persoane cu genuri diverse, identitatea de gen difer&#259; &icirc;n mai multe grade de sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (APA, 2015).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">identitatea de gen<\/a> a copilului se bazeaz&#259; pe aceast&#259; atribuire (Spectrul de gen, 2019).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dar <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> unei persoane este o interrela&#539;ie complex&#259; &icirc;ntre trei dimensiuni: corp, identitate &#537;i expresie. (Spectrul de gen, 2019), astfel &icirc;nc&acirc;t, prin urmare, de multe ori, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexul atribuit&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen care se refer&#259; &icirc;n mod obi&#537;nuit la categoria de sex legal derivat&#259; din examinarea medical&#259; a unui nou-n&#259;scut dup&#259; na&#537;tere.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/assigned-sex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexul atribuit<\/a> la na&#537;tere poate corespunde identit&#259;&#539;ii de gen a unei persoane, dar alteori poate s&#259; nu corespund&#259;.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>2.1.2.1. Sexul atribuit<\/strong><\/h4><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexul atribuit&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen care se refer&#259; &icirc;n mod obi&#537;nuit la categoria de sex legal derivat&#259; din examinarea medical&#259; a unui nou-n&#259;scut dup&#259; na&#537;tere.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/assigned-sex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sexul atribuit<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">este un termen care se refer&#259; &icirc;n mod obi&#537;nuit la categoria de <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a> legal derivat&#259; din examinarea medical&#259; a unui nou-n&#259;scut dup&#259; na&#537;tere. Atribuirea se bazeaz&#259; de obicei pe aspectul organelor genitale externe ale copilului. Cu toate acestea, sexul este o caracteristic&#259; mai complex&#259; care const&#259; nu numai &icirc;n organele genitale externe, ci &#537;i &icirc;n organele genitale interne, cromozomii &#537;i func&#539;ionarea hormonal&#259;. Atunci c&acirc;nd caracteristicile sexuale, a&#537;a cum au fost men&#539;ionate mai sus, sunt ambigue, copilul poate fi considerat <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen generic folosit pentru a descrie o gam&#259; larg&#259; de varia&#539;ii naturale ale corpului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> (Pito&#328;&aacute;k &amp; Mach&aacute;&#269;kov&aacute;,2022).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b>3.7. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen generic folosit pentru a descrie o gam&#259; larg&#259; de varia&#539;ii naturale ale corpului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Intersex<\/a>, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;DSD&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Diferen&#539;e &icirc;n dezvoltarea sexual&#259;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/dsd\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>DSD<\/a> = diferen&#539;e &icirc;n <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Dezvoltarea sexual&#259;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un proces complex care include aspecte emo&#539;ionale, sociale, culturale &#537;i fizice &#537;i care &icirc;ncepe mult mai devreme de pubertate, &icirc;ns&#259; prin pubertate este mai intens&#259; &#537;i mai vizibil&#259;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sexual-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">dezvoltarea sexual&#259;<\/a><\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Persoanele care se nasc cu o varia&#539;ie <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen generic folosit pentru a descrie o gam&#259; larg&#259; de varia&#539;ii naturale ale corpului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> au o combina&#539;ie de caracteristici sexuale care nu se &icirc;ncadreaz&#259; &icirc;n categoriile binare tipice, cum ar fi b&#259;rbat sau femeie (vezi Figura 1). Exist&#259; mai multe moduri diferite de a fi o persoan&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen generic folosit pentru a descrie o gam&#259; larg&#259; de varia&#539;ii naturale ale corpului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a>. Persoanele <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen generic folosit pentru a descrie o gam&#259; larg&#259; de varia&#539;ii naturale ale corpului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> pot avea niveluri hormonale diferite fa&#539;&#259; de media b&#259;rba&#539;ilor\/femeilor, pot avea o combina&#539;ie neobi&#537;nuit&#259; de cromozomi &#537;i organe genitale (de exemplu, cromozomi XY &#537;i o vulv&#259;) sau o alt&#259; combina&#539;ie de caracteristici sexuale (cromozomi, organe genitale, hormoni) (Cools et al., 2018). Bebelu&#537;ii care se nasc ca persoane <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen generic folosit pentru a descrie o gam&#259; larg&#259; de varia&#539;ii naturale ale corpului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> sunt adesea supu&#537;i unor opera&#539;ii estetice &ldquo;corective&rdquo; pentru a se &icirc;ncadra mai mult &icirc;ntr-una dintre categoriile sexuale binare. Se recomand&#259; ca orice opera&#539;ie care este pur estetic&#259; s&#259; nu fie efectuat&#259; p&acirc;n&#259; c&acirc;nd persoana <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un termen generic folosit pentru a descrie o gam&#259; larg&#259; de varia&#539;ii naturale ale corpului.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> nu este &icirc;n m&#259;sur&#259; s&#259; &icirc;&#537;i dea consim&#539;&#259;m&acirc;ntul (Barker, 2017).<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/un-dibujo-de-una-pareja-descripcion-generada-auto.png\" alt=\"Un dibujo de una pareja Descripci&oacute;n generada autom&aacute;ticamente con confianza media\"\/><\/p><h6><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Figura 1. Combina&#539;ia de caracteristici sexuale<\/span><\/i><br>Surs&#259;: ata&#537;ament al lec&#539;iei &ldquo;Sexuality Myths and Sex Lessons for Education on Respectful Relationships&rdquo; (originally in Czech: &ldquo;M&yacute;ty o pohlavn&iacute;ch org&aacute;nech a sexu Lekce sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nauky pro vzd&#283;l&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; o respektuj&iacute;c&iacute;ch vztaz&iacute;ch&rdquo;. Dagmar Kri&scaron;ov&aacute;, Johana Nejedlov&aacute;, Konsent, z.s., 2021<\/h6><h4><strong>2.1.2.2. <b>Identitatea de gen<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Identitatea de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este percep&#539;ia personal&#259; interioar&#259; a propriei identit&#259;&#539;i, legat&#259; de defini&#539;iile sociale &#537;i culturale ale genului. Identitatea de gen a unei persoane poate fi congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (cisgender) sau poate diferi de acesta &icirc;n diverse moduri.&nbsp; Pentru majoritatea persoanelor, identitatea de gen este congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit; pentru persoanele trans, nonbinare &#537;i alte persoane cu genuri diverse, identitatea de gen difer&#259; &icirc;n mai multe grade de sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (APA, 2015).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Identitatea de gen<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">se<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">refer&#259; la experien&#539;a intern&#259; &#537;i individual&#259; a unei persoane &icirc;n ceea ce prive&#537;te <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a>, care poate s&#259; corespund&#259; sau nu fiziologiei sau sexului atribuit la na&#537;tere (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;OMS&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Organiza&#539;ia Mondial&#259; a S&#259;n&#259;t&#259;&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/who\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>OMS<\/a>, s.d.). Deoarece <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Identitatea de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este percep&#539;ia personal&#259; interioar&#259; a propriei identit&#259;&#539;i, legat&#259; de defini&#539;iile sociale &#537;i culturale ale genului. Identitatea de gen a unei persoane poate fi congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (cisgender) sau poate diferi de acesta &icirc;n diverse moduri.&nbsp; Pentru majoritatea persoanelor, identitatea de gen este congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit; pentru persoanele trans, nonbinare &#537;i alte persoane cu genuri diverse, identitatea de gen difer&#259; &icirc;n mai multe grade de sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (APA, 2015).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">identitatea de gen<\/a> este o experien&#539;&#259; personal&#259;, aceasta nu poate fi determinat&#259; sau reglementat&#259; de nimeni altcineva. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Identitatea de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este percep&#539;ia personal&#259; interioar&#259; a propriei identit&#259;&#539;i, legat&#259; de defini&#539;iile sociale &#537;i culturale ale genului. Identitatea de gen a unei persoane poate fi congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (cisgender) sau poate diferi de acesta &icirc;n diverse moduri.&nbsp; Pentru majoritatea persoanelor, identitatea de gen este congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit; pentru persoanele trans, nonbinare &#537;i alte persoane cu genuri diverse, identitatea de gen difer&#259; &icirc;n mai multe grade de sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (APA, 2015).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Identitatea de gen<\/a> poate fi b&#259;rbat, femeie, nonbinar, fluid etc.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>2.1.2.3. <b>Dezvoltarea identit&#259;&#539;ii de gen<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;nc&#259; din primii ani de via&#539;&#259; ai copilului, acesta devine parte a unui mod de comportament tipic de gen, care se manifest&#259; prin atribuirea genului social corespunz&#259;tor. &Icirc;nc&#259; de mici, in ciuda faptului c&#259; &icirc;nc&#259; nu sunt &icirc;nc&#259; capabili s&#259; vorbeasc&#259; &#537;i nu stabilesc leg&#259;turi cu obiectele &#537;i ac&#539;iunile din lumea &icirc;nconjur&#259;toare, copiilor li se atribuie comportamente corespunz&#259;toare genului lor. De exemplu, p&#259;rin&#539;ii &icirc;&#537;i exprim&#259; entuziasmul atunci c&acirc;nd un copil a f&#259;cut ceva care corespunde genului lor &#537;i reac&#539;ioneaz&#259; &icirc;n mod opus atunci c&acirc;nd un copil s-a comportat &icirc;ntr-un mod care este adecvat pentru un copil de <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a>\/gen opus. Astfel de reac&#539;ii negative &#537;i pozitive creeaz&#259; conexiuni &#537;i se vor &icirc;nt&#259;ri in timp. Acest lucru poate duce la faptul c&#259; fetele &icirc;ncep s&#259; acorde mai mult&#259; aten&#539;ie modelelor lor feminine, iar b&#259;ie&#539;ii modelelor masculine, chiar dac&#259; nu au &icirc;nc&#259; destule cuno&#537;tin&#539;e sau experien&#539;&#259; despre cum s&#259; se identifice pe ei &icirc;n&#537;i&#537;i sau pe al&#539;ii pe baza genului. Din momentul &icirc;n care copiii &icirc;ncep s&#259; &icirc;n&#539;eleag&#259; limbajul, &icirc;ncep s&#259; &icirc;n&#539;eleag&#259; &#537;i c&#259; exist&#259; o mul&#539;ime de etichet&#259;ri de gen. &Icirc;n timpul cre&#537;terii lor, ca urmare a proces&#259;rii social-cognitive, copiii &icirc;ncep s&#259; se defineasc&#259; pe ei &icirc;n&#537;i&#537;i ca b&#259;ie&#539;i sau fete, ceea ce reprezint&#259; impulsul pentru dob&acirc;ndirea unui comportament adecvat genului &#537;i a unor caracteristici legate de gen. (Marecek et al., 2004).<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>2.1.2.4. <b>Identitatea unui copil trans<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paragraful precedent descrie o situa&#539;ie care ar putea fi aplicat&#259; majorit&#259;&#539;ii copiilor, dar nu este aplicabil&#259; celor al c&#259;ror gen atribuit la na&#537;tere nu corespunde cu identitatea lor de gen. Diferite rezultate ale cercet&#259;rilor indic&#259; faptul c&#259; o mare parte din &icirc;ntreb&#259;rile &#537;i conflictele persoanelor trans cu privire la identitatea lor de gen au ap&#259;rut &icirc;n copil&#259;ria timpurie (Mason-Schrock, 1996; Morgan &amp; Stevens, 2008, citat &icirc;n Patterson &amp; D&rsquo;Augelli, 2013).. Deoarece Kessler &#537;i McKenna (1978) au concluzionat &icirc;n timpul cercet&#259;rii lor c&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Identitatea de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este percep&#539;ia personal&#259; interioar&#259; a propriei identit&#259;&#539;i, legat&#259; de defini&#539;iile sociale &#537;i culturale ale genului. Identitatea de gen a unei persoane poate fi congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (cisgender) sau poate diferi de acesta &icirc;n diverse moduri.&nbsp; Pentru majoritatea persoanelor, identitatea de gen este congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit; pentru persoanele trans, nonbinare &#537;i alte persoane cu genuri diverse, identitatea de gen difer&#259; &icirc;n mai multe grade de sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (APA, 2015).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">identitatea de gen<\/a> &icirc;ncepe s&#259; fie &icirc;n&#539;eleas&#259; la v&acirc;rsta de trei sau patru ani, iar &icirc;n c&acirc;&#539;iva ani se &icirc;n&#539;elege c&#259; este permanent&#259;, se poate stabili c&#259; aceste contradic&#539;ii privind percep&#539;ia de gen a copiilor apar &icirc;n acela&#537;i timp &icirc;n care lumea &icirc;nconjur&#259;toare &icirc;ncepe s&#259; atribuie <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> lor social genului\/sexului atribuit la na&#537;tere. Atunci c&acirc;nd se &icirc;nt&acirc;mpl&#259; ca <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> social s&#259; fie diferit de sexul biologic, acest lucru provoac&#259; confuzie la copii (Patterson &amp; D&rsquo;Augelli, 2013). Constat&#259;ri similare pot fi observate &#537;i &icirc;n studiile lui Gagne et al. (1997), Devor (2004) &#537;i Budge et al. (2013) &ndash; responden&#539;ii tuturor studiilor au sim&#539;it &icirc;nc&#259; din copil&#259;ria timpurie c&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> atribuit la na&#537;tere le-a provocat disconfort &#537;i au sim&#539;it c&#259; nu se potrivesc cu ceilal&#539;i.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Un studiu al Universit&#259;&#539;ii din Washington, cel mai mare studiu de acest gen, a publicat rezultate care arat&#259; c&#259;, indiferent de c&acirc;t timp un copil trans a fost considerat &#537;i tratat ca un copil <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un prefix latin care &icirc;nseamn&#259; &amp;quot;de aceea&#537;i parte cu&amp;quot; &#537;i, prin urmare, este un antonim al lui &amp;quot;trans-&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/cis\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cis<\/a>, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Identitatea de gen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este percep&#539;ia personal&#259; interioar&#259; a propriei identit&#259;&#539;i, legat&#259; de defini&#539;iile sociale &#537;i culturale ale genului. Identitatea de gen a unei persoane poate fi congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (cisgender) sau poate diferi de acesta &icirc;n diverse moduri.&nbsp; Pentru majoritatea persoanelor, identitatea de gen este congruent&#259; cu sexul atribuit; pentru persoanele trans, nonbinare &#537;i alte persoane cu genuri diverse, identitatea de gen difer&#259; &icirc;n mai multe grade de sexul atribuit la na&#537;tere (APA, 2015).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">identitatea de gen<\/a> a acestuia este la fel de puternic&#259; ca &#537;i &icirc;n cazul copiilor <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cisgender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;o persoan&#259; a c&#259;rei identitate de gen corespunde cu sexul care i-a fost atribuit la na&#537;tere, descrie persoanele care nu sunt transgender.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/cisgender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cisgender<\/a>. Cercet&#259;torii au g&#259;sit aceast&#259; similitudine surprinz&#259;toare, deoarece copiii trans din cadrul cercet&#259;rii au fost trata&#539;i ca &#537;i copiii <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un prefix latin care &icirc;nseamn&#259; &amp;quot;de aceea&#537;i parte cu&amp;quot; &#537;i, prin urmare, este un antonim al lui &amp;quot;trans-&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/cis\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cis<\/a>, iar copiii <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un prefix latin care &icirc;nseamn&#259; &amp;quot;de aceea&#537;i parte cu&amp;quot; &#537;i, prin urmare, este un antonim al lui &amp;quot;trans-&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/cis\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cis<\/a> nu au fost trata&#539;i ca &#537;i copiii trans (Eckart, 2019). &Icirc;n&#539;elegerea acestor constat&#259;ri ar putea ajuta adul&#539;ii s&#259; &icirc;i sprijine mai bine pe copii &icirc;n timpul dezvolt&#259;rii lor, a identit&#259;&#539;ii de gen &#537;i a tranzi&#539;iilor sociale.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>2.1.2.5. <b>Sisteme de gen binar &#537;i non-binar<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conform sistemului binar de gen, oamenii sunt &icirc;mp&#259;r&#539;i&#539;i &icirc;n dou&#259; categorii &ndash; b&#259;rba&#539;i &#537;i femei, iar acest lucru se datoreaz&#259; sexului care le-a fost atribuit la na&#537;tere. Conform sistemului de gen non-binar, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> unei persoane este o interrela&#539;ie complex&#259; &icirc;ntre trei dimensiuni: corp, identitate &#537;i expresie (Spectrul de gen, s.n.) toate acestea fiind separate; uneori acestea coincid, alteori nu. &Icirc;n plus, spectrul identit&#259;&#539;ii de gen este considerat mai larg dec&acirc;t simplul b&#259;rbat &ndash; femeie.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cu toate acestea &icirc;n cultura occidental&#259; de ast&#259;zi, avem &icirc;nc&#259; tendin&#539;a de a vedea <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> ca pe un sistem binar, c&acirc;nd, de fapt, sistemul de gen a fost &icirc;ntotdeauna non-binar. Diferite studii antropologice &#537;i istorice arat&#259; acest lucru &#537;i chiar &#537;i ast&#259;zi, &icirc;n multe culturi antice, sistemul de gen non-binar continu&#259; s&#259; fie un aspect func&#539;ional (Organiza&#539;ia Na&#539;iunilor Unite Free and Equal, 2014). De exemplu, nativii americani au avut &icirc;ntotdeauna oameni cu <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">dou&#259; spirite<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, India are Hijras (comunitatea hijra din India prefer&#259; s&#259; se numeasc&#259; &ldquo;kinnar&rdquo;); sau M&#257;h&#363;, din Hawaii sau Tahiti.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Abordarea non-binar&#259; a sistemului de gen permite persoanelor <\/span><b>transsexuale<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#537;i <\/span><b>intersexuale <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">s&#259; se<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">exprime &icirc;n conformitate cu identitatea lor &#537;i este incluziv&#259; &#537;i respectuoas&#259; fa&#539;&#259; de acestea.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>2.1.2.6. <b>Diversitatea identit&#259;&#539;ilor de gen<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><ul><li><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cisgender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;o persoan&#259; a c&#259;rei identitate de gen corespunde cu sexul care i-a fost atribuit la na&#537;tere, descrie persoanele care nu sunt transgender.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/cisgender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Cisgender<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: O persoan&#259; a c&#259;rei identitate de gen corespunde cu sexul care i-a fost atribuit la na&#537;tere, descrie persoanele care nu sunt transsexuale. &ldquo;<\/span><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este un prefix latin care &icirc;nseamn&#259; &amp;quot;de aceea&#537;i parte cu&amp;quot; &#537;i, prin urmare, este un antonim al lui &amp;quot;trans-&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/cis\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Cis<\/a>-<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&rdquo; este un prefix latin care &icirc;nseamn&#259; &ldquo;de aceea&#537;i parte cu&rdquo; &#537;i, prin urmare, este un antonim al lui &ldquo;trans-&ldquo;. Utilizat &icirc;n mod obi&#537;nuit de persoanele tinere &#537;i de persoanele transgender (GLAAD, s.d.).<\/span><\/li><li><b>Persoan&#259; transgender (persoan&#259; trans)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: O persoan&#259; a c&#259;rei identitate de gen este diferit&#259; de sexul care i-a fost atribuit la na&#537;tere. O persoan&#259; care este trans poate folosi &#537;i al&#539;i termeni, &icirc;n afar&#259; de trans, pentru a-&#537;i descrie <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genul<\/a> &icirc;n mod mai specific. A fi trans nu depinde de aspectul fizic sau de procedurile medicale &ndash; o persoan&#259; se poate numi trans &icirc;n momentul &icirc;n care &icirc;&#537;i d&#259; seama c&#259; identitatea sa de gen este diferit&#259; de sexul care i-a fost atribuit la na&#537;tere (GLAAD, s.d.).<\/span><\/li><li><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Identitatea de gen non-binar&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;majoritatea oamenilor - inclusiv majoritatea persoanelor transsexuale - sunt fie b&#259;rba&#539;i, fie femei. Dar unele persoane nu se &icirc;ncadreaz&#259; &icirc;n categoriile &amp;quot;b&#259;rbat&amp;quot; sau &amp;quot;femeie&amp;quot;, sau &amp;quot;masculin&amp;quot; sau &amp;quot;feminin&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/non-binary-gender-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Identitatea de gen non-binar<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Unele persoane nu se &icirc;ncadreaz&#259; &icirc;n categoriile de &ldquo;b&#259;rbat&rdquo; sau &ldquo;femeie&rdquo;, sau &ldquo;masculin&rdquo; sau &ldquo;feminin&rdquo;. De exemplu, unele persoane se identific&#259; cu mai mult de un gen sau cu un gen care nu este nici masculin, nici feminin. Unele persoane nu se identific&#259; cu niciun gen. Unele persoane au o identitate de gen fluctuant&#259;. Identit&#259;&#539;ile non-binare se &icirc;ncadreaz&#259; &icirc;n categoria transsexualilor (GLAAD, s.d.). Al&#539;i termeni &icirc;n afar&#259; de non-binar pot fi genderqueer, agender, bigender &#537;i altele. Niciunul dintre ace&#537;ti termeni nu &icirc;nseamn&#259; exact acela&#537;i lucru &ndash; dar &icirc;n&#539;elegerea comun&#259; este c&#259; este vorba de experien&#539;a de gen care nu este &icirc;n mod explicit masculin sau feminin (Centrul Na&#539;ional pentru Egalitatea Transgenderilor, 2018).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none\">&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> &ndash; 2.1.3. SITUA&#538;II DE DISCRIMINARE LEGATE DE SUBIECT &ndash; <i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Un b&#259;iat transsexual cere personalului &#537;colii s&#259; foloseasc&#259; pe viitor pronumele el\/lui atunci c&acirc;nd i se adreseaz&#259;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Majoritatea cadrelor didactice &icirc;ncearc&#259; s&#259; foloseasc&#259; numele &#537;i pronumele t&acirc;n&#259;rului, dar exist&#259; &icirc;nc&#259; un profesor &icirc;n &#537;coal&#259; care continu&#259; s&#259; nu &#539;in&#259; cont de autodeterminarea copilului &#537;i folose&#537;te vechiul s&#259;u nume (deadnaming) &#537;i &icirc;l nume&#537;te fat&#259; (misgendering) atunci c&acirc;nd i se adreseaz&#259;. Copilul atrage &icirc;n mod repetat aten&#539;ia profesorului asupra folosirii numelui &#537;i a genului gre&#537;it, dar profesorul &icirc;&#537;i continu&#259; activitatea.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aceast&#259; situa&#539;ie este discriminatorie, inexact&#259; &#537;i &icirc;n&#537;el&#259;toare fa&#539;&#259; de elev &#537;i, &icirc;n func&#539;ie de legile adoptate, poate constitui o &icirc;nc&#259;lcare a drepturilor copilului la intimitate, autodeterminare &#537;i exprimare. &Icirc;ntr-o astfel de situa&#539;ie, se recomand&#259; ca p&#259;rin&#539;ii s&#259; contacteze conducerea &#537;colii pentru asisten&#539;&#259;. Este important s&#259; se explice conducerii c&#259; utilizarea numelui &#537;i a genului cu care se identifi&#259; un copil este o abordare salvatoare pentru copiii trans.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n caz de <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Discriminare&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;poate fi definit&#259; ca fiind tratamentul inegal &#537;i nefavorabil al unui subiect sau al unui grup ca urmare a unei prejudec&#259;&#539;i. Nu este vorba doar de judec&#259;&#539;i sau de sentimente nefavorabile, ci &#537;i de acte de intoleran&#539;&#259; care constau &icirc;n respingerea &#537;i\/sau excluderea persoanelor &icirc;mpotriva c&#259;rora se au prejudec&#259;&#539;i.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/discrimination\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">discriminare<\/a>, p&#259;rin&#539;ii\/&#537;coala trebuie s&#259; &icirc;ntrebe &icirc;ntotdeauna copilul de ce fel de sprijin ar avea nevoie pentru a se sim&#539;i &icirc;n siguran&#539;&#259; dup&#259; o astfel de situa&#539;ie.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&Icirc;n cazul &icirc;n care copilul nu poate spune singur ce l-ar ajuta s&#259; se simt&#259; &icirc;n siguran&#539;&#259; &#537;i inclus, se recomand&#259; s&#259; cere&#539;i sfatul unei organiza&#539;ii <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> cu experien&#539;&#259; &icirc;n domeniul educa&#539;iei. Acestea v&#259; pot oferi sfaturi sau v&#259; pot &icirc;ndruma c&#259;tre expertul necesar.<\/span><\/p><h3><strong>2.1.4. BUNE PRACTICI<\/strong><\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6746 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/grid_0-2.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/grid_0-2.webp 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/grid_0-2-300x150.webp 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/grid_0-2-1024x512.webp 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/grid_0-2-768x384.webp 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/grid_0-2-20x10.webp 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/grid_0-2-1536x768.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cadrele didactice au posibilitatea de a le oferi copiilor un mediu sigur &#537;i incluziv, folosind activit&#259;&#539;i mici &#537;i simple.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crearea unui curriculum incluziv &icirc;n care s&#259; fie incluse subiecte legate de diversitatea de gen. Se recomand&#259; ca subiectele de gen s&#259; nu fie tratate separat de subiectele principale, ci s&#259; fie integrate &icirc;n mod natural &icirc;n curriculum.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Face&#539;i-v&#259; vizibil pentru copii purt&acirc;nd simbolurile <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> sau p&#259;str&acirc;ndu-le &icirc;n clas&#259;. &Icirc;n acest fel, un elev poate fi sigur cine este adultul care &icirc;l <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">sprijin&#259; &icirc;n <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#537;coala sa. Elevii trebuie s&#259; &#537;tie cine este personalul sigur din &#537;coal&#259;, la care pot apela &icirc;n caz de nevoie. Acest lucru este necesar pentru ca, &icirc;n cazul &icirc;n care copilul are o experien&#539;&#259; negativ&#259; anterioar&#259; cu un specialist, sau dac&#259; nu are o familie care s&#259; &icirc;l sprijine etc., atunci va g&#259;si un adult sigur cu care s&#259; vorbeasc&#259; la &#537;coal&#259; &#537;i nu va fi l&#259;sat singur cu &icirc;ntreb&#259;rile &#537;i preocup&#259;rile sale.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Propune&#539;i conducerii &#537;colii ca, pe l&acirc;ng&#259; spa&#539;iile specifice pentru fiecare <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>sex<\/a>, s&#259; existe &#537;i spa&#539;ii unisex &ndash; toalete, vestiare etc.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Propune&#539;i conducerii &#537;colii s&#259; s&#259;rb&#259;toreasc&#259; diferite zile cu tematic&#259; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> &icirc;n &#537;coal&#259;, cum ar fi IDAHOBIT, s&#259; creeze un grup de sprijin pentru elevii <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> &#537;i profesorii <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a>, s&#259; adauge subiecte <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> &icirc;n documentele &#537;colare, de exemplu, c&#259; nu se tolereaz&#259; h&#259;r&#539;uirea pe motivul apartenen&#539;ei la comunitatea <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> &icirc;n &#537;coal&#259;.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vizibilitatea este unul dintre cele mai importante lucruri de care au nevoie elevii &ndash; problemele legate de apartenen&#539;a la comunitatea <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> sunt men&#539;ionate &icirc;n documentele &#537;colare importante, personalul &#537;colar <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> prietenos este vizibil etc.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studiile au ar&#259;tat c&#259;, cu c&acirc;t o &#537;coal&#259; este mai incluziv&#259; &#537;i mai sigur&#259; pentru elevii <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a>, cu at&acirc;t este mai probabil ca ace&#537;tia s&#259; nu chiuleasc&#259; de la ore, s&#259; aib&#259; o stim&#259; de sine mai mare, un nivel de stres mai sc&#259;zut, rezultate academice mai bune, etc. &Icirc;n plus, ceilal&#539;i elevi sunt mai deschi&#537;i la subiecte legate de comunitatea <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Lesbiene, homosexuali, bisexuali, transsexuali, queer &#537;i al&#539;ii&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><h3>2.1.5<strong>. REFERIN&#538;E<\/strong><\/h3><p><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;APA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Asocia&#539;ia American&#259; de Psihologie&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/apa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>APA<\/a> (2015). Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. American psychologist, 70(9), 832-864.<\/p><p>Budge, S. L., Katz-Wise, S. L., Tebbe, E. N., Howard, K. A. S., Schneider, C. L., &amp; Rodriguez, A. (2013). Transgender Emotional and Coping Processes: Facilitative and Avoidant Coping Throughout Gender Transitioning. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(4), 601&ndash;647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011000011432753<\/p><p>Devor, A. H. (2004). Witnessing and mirroring: A fourteen stage model of transsexual identity formation. Journal of Gay &amp; Lesbian Psychotherapy, 8, 41&ndash;67.<\/p><p>Eckart, K. (2019, November 18). Among transgender children, gender identity as strong as in <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cisgender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;o persoan&#259; a c&#259;rei identitate de gen corespunde cu sexul care i-a fost atribuit la na&#537;tere, descrie persoanele care nu sunt transgender.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/cisgender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cisgender<\/a> children, study shows. University of Washington News. https:\/\/www.washington.edu\/news\/2019\/11\/18\/among-transgender-children-gender-identity-as-strong-as-in-<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cisgender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;o persoan&#259; a c&#259;rei identitate de gen corespunde cu sexul care i-a fost atribuit la na&#537;tere, descrie persoanele care nu sunt transgender.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/cisgender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cisgender<\/a>-children-study-shows\/<\/p><p>Gagn&eacute;, P., Tewksbury, R., &amp; McGaughey, D. (1997). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Coming out&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la procesul prin care trec persoanele care sunt LGBTQ+ &icirc;n timp ce se str&#259;duiesc s&#259; &icirc;&#537;i accepte orientarea sexual&#259; sau identitatea de gen &#537;i s&#259; &icirc;mp&#259;rt&#259;&#537;easc&#259; aceast&#259; identitate &icirc;n mod deschis cu alte persoane. Nu este un eveniment unic, ci un proces care nu se termin&#259; niciodat&#259; &#537;i poate fi extrem de stresant, mai ales &icirc;ntr-un mediu homo\/transfobic.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/coming-out\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Coming Out<\/a> and Crossing Over: Identity Formation and Proclamation in a Transgender Community. Gender &amp; Society, 11(4), 478&ndash;508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/089124397011004006<\/p><p>Gender Spectrum (2019). Understanding Gender. Retrieved 29 September 2022, from <a href=\"https:\/\/genderspectrum.org\/articles\/understanding-gender\">https:\/\/genderspectrum.org\/articles\/understanding-gender<\/a><\/p><p>Glaad. (n.d.). GLAAD Media Reference Guide&mdash;Transgender Terms. GLAAD. Retrieved 26 September 2022, from https:\/\/www.glaad.org\/reference\/trans-terms<\/p><p>Kessler, S. J., &amp; McKenna, W. (1978). Gender: An ethnomethodological approach. (pp. xv, 233). University of Chicago Press.<\/p><p>Marecek, J., Crawford, M., &amp; Popp, D. (2004). The Construction of Gender, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;se refer&#259; la aspectele medicale privind masculinitatea &#537;i feminitatea.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/sex\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Sex<\/a> and Sexualities. In A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall, &amp; R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The Psychology of Gender, Second Edition (Second edition, pp. 192&ndash;216). The Guilford Press.<\/p><p>National Centre for Transgender Equality. (2018, October 5). Understanding Non-Binary People: How to Be Respectful and Supportive. https:\/\/transequality.org\/issues\/resources\/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive<\/p><p>Patterson, C. J., &amp; D&rsquo;Augelli, A. R. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of Psychology and Sexual Orientation (1st edition). Oxford University Press.<\/p><p>United Nations Free and Equal. (2014). Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Throughout History. https:\/\/www.unfe.org\/system\/unfe-74-SEXUAL_ORIENTATION_AND_GENDER_IDENTITY_ARE_NOTHING_NEW_PDF.pdf<\/p><p>WHO (n.d.). Gender and health. Retrieved 29 September 2022, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/gender\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/gender<\/a>2.1<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &ndash; v3.12.2 &ndash; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=&rdquo;.svg&rdquo;]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} \/*! elementor &ndash; v3.12.2 &ndash; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&ndash;spacer-size)}.e-con{&ndash;container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(&ndash;container-widget-width,var(&ndash;spacer-size));&ndash;align-self:var(&ndash;container-widget-align-self,initial);&ndash;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&ndash;container-widget-height,var(&ndash;spacer-size))} <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genul&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;este o construc&#539;ie social&#259; &#537;i cultural&#259;, care distinge diferen&#539;ele dintre atributele b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor, fetelor &#537;i b&#259;ie&#539;ilor &#537;i, &icirc;n consecin&#539;&#259;, se refer&#259; la rolurile &#537;i responsabilit&#259;&#539;ile b&#259;rba&#539;ilor &#537;i femeilor.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Genul<\/a> unei persoane este o interrela&#539;ie complex&#259; &icirc;ntre trei dimensiuni: corp, identitate &#537;i expresie social&#259;. Sistemul nostru de gen a fost non-binar &icirc;nc&#259; de la &icirc;nceputul timpului. Copiii transsexuali pot &#537;ti &icirc;nc&#259; din copil&#259;rie [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":10140,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-10177","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10177","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10177"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10177\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10177"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=10177"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}