{"id":9518,"date":"2023-04-28T18:27:18","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T18:27:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-8981\/"},"modified":"2023-08-22T18:31:06","modified_gmt":"2023-08-22T18:31:06","slug":"9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-8981","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/docs\/guide-for-families\/9-environment-influences-8828\/9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-8981\/","title":{"rendered":"9.1. HEGEMONICK\u00c1 MASKULINITA A HETEROSEXISMUS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9518\" class=\"elementor elementor-9518 elementor-8981\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f97263b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f97263b\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-03a0cf7\" data-id=\"03a0cf7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88fd52e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"88fd52e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8696\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f5a912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1f5a912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9db565 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b9db565\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Soubor hodnot zaveden&yacute; mu&#382;i u moci, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k inkluzi a exkluzi stejn&#283; jako k nerovn&eacute;mu uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute; spole&#269;nosti z hlediska genderu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hegemonicka-maskulinita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Conell, 2005 je soubor hodnot ustanoven&yacute; mu&#382;i v mocensk&yacute;ch pozic&iacute;ch, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k za&#269;le&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute;, vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; a organizuje spole&#269;nost genderov&#283; nerovn&yacute;m zp&#367;sobem. Kombinuje n&#283;kolik rys&#367;, a to hierarchii maskulinit, diferencovan&yacute; p&#345;&iacute;stup mu&#382;&#367; k moci (oproti &#382;en&aacute;m a jin&yacute;m mu&#382;&#367;m) a vz&aacute;jemn&eacute; p&#367;soben&iacute; mu&#382;sk&eacute; identity, mu&#382;sk&yacute;ch ide&aacute;l&#367;, interakc&iacute;, moci a patriarch&aacute;tu.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Heterosexismus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ideologie, kter&aacute; prosazuje konven&#269;nost genderu\/pohlav&iacute;, heterosexualitu a tradi&#269;n&iacute; rodinu jako jedin&yacute; zp&#367;sob byt&iacute; lid&iacute;, diskriminuje a podhodnocuje v&scaron;echny ostatn&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/heterosexismus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Heterosexismus<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Ingraham, 1996) je ideologie, kter&aacute; prosazuje konven&#269;nost genderu, heterosexualitu a tradi&#269;n&iacute; rodinu jako jedin&yacute; zp&#367;sob byt&iacute; lid&iacute;, diskriminuje a znehodnocuje v&scaron;echny ostatn&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uje trvalou formu citov&eacute;, romantick&eacute; a\/nebo sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; p&#345;ita&#382;livosti k mu&#382;&#367;m, &#382;en&aacute;m nebo k ob&#283;ma pohlav&iacute;m.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexualni-orientace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace<\/a>.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d49af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d49af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>9.1.1. &Uacute;VOD<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nejprve mus&iacute;me zohlednit, &#382;e <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> je soci&aacute;ln&iacute; konstrukce, kter&aacute; na z&aacute;klad&#283; na&scaron;eho <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> ur&#269;uje chov&aacute;n&iacute;, postoje, hodnoty, o&#269;ek&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; atd., kter&eacute; jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za typi&#269;t&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; pro mu&#382;e (neboli maskulinn&iacute;) nebo typi&#269;t&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; pro &#382;eny (neboli femininn&iacute;) (Whitehead et al., 2012). Tato bin&aacute;rn&iacute; konstrukce, vedle toho, &#382;e opom&iacute;j&iacute; dal&scaron;&iacute; gendery\/identity (nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;P&#345;&iacute;davn&eacute; jm&eacute;no pou&#382;&iacute;van&eacute; n&#283;kter&yacute;mi lidmi, jejich&#382; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace nen&iacute; v&yacute;hradn&#283; heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;. Tento zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n zahrnuje lidi, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, genderov&#283; fluidn&iacute; nebo genderov&#283; nekonformn&iacute; identitu. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a>, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n, kter&yacute; se pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute; k popisu &scaron;irok&eacute; &scaron;k&aacute;ly p&#345;irozen&yacute;ch t&#283;lesn&yacute;ch variac&iacute;. Popisuje kambinace pohlavn&iacute;ch charakteristik, kter&eacute; nespadaj&iacute; do b&#283;&#382;n&eacute;ho bin&aacute;rn&iacute;ho d&#283;len&iacute; na mu&#382;e a &#382;eny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> osoby atd.), je ust&aacute;lena na nerovn&eacute;m z&aacute;klad&#283;, ve kter&eacute;m jsou &bdquo;maskulinn&iacute;&ldquo; &#269;i vlastnosti, kter&eacute; jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za jim vlastn&iacute;, pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za hodnotn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; ne&#382; ty, kter&eacute; jsou pokl&aacute;d&aacute;ny za &bdquo;femininn&iacute;&ldquo;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V&iacute;ce informac&iacute; naleznete v t&eacute;matu <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/2-identitay-genderova-rozmanitost\/2-1-genderova-identita\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">genderov&aacute; identita<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tento stav m&aacute; dopad nejen na &#382;eny, ale ovliv&#328;uje a zra&#328;uje tak&eacute; v&scaron;echny mu&#382;e, kte&#345;&iacute; se tomuto stereotypn&iacute;mu pojet&iacute; maskulinity nepod&#345;izuj&iacute; (stejn&#283; jako sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; men&scaron;iny, kter&eacute; se k t&#283;mto norm&aacute;m nehl&aacute;s&iacute;). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Soubor hodnot zaveden&yacute; mu&#382;i u moci, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k inkluzi a exkluzi stejn&#283; jako k nerovn&eacute;mu uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute; spole&#269;nosti z hlediska genderu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hegemonicka-maskulinita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita<\/a> je toti&#382; postavena na &#269;ty&#345;ech hlavn&iacute;ch os&aacute;ch (M&eacute;ndez, 2002):<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patriarch&aacute;ln&iacute; ideologie, kter&aacute; stanovuje, &#382;e mu&#382;i jsou ti, kte&#345;&iacute; disponuj&iacute; moc&iacute; a legitimizuj&iacute; svou nadvl&aacute;du nad ostatn&iacute;mi.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Individualismus, kter&yacute; zav&aacute;d&iacute;, &#382;e &bdquo;ide&aacute;ln&iacute; osoba&ldquo; je ta, kter&aacute; je sama o sob&#283; sob&#283;sta&#269;n&aacute;, racion&aacute;ln&iacute; a schopn&aacute; prosadit svou v&#367;li.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vylou&#269;en&iacute;\/pod&#345;&iacute;zen&iacute; ostatn&iacute;ch, tj. t&#283;ch, kte&#345;&iacute; neodpov&iacute;daj&iacute; t&eacute;to p&#345;edstav&#283; &bdquo;maskulinity&ldquo;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Heterosexismus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ideologie, kter&aacute; prosazuje konven&#269;nost genderu\/pohlav&iacute;, heterosexualitu a tradi&#269;n&iacute; rodinu jako jedin&yacute; zp&#367;sob byt&iacute; lid&iacute;, diskriminuje a podhodnocuje v&scaron;echny ostatn&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/heterosexismus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Heterosexismus<\/a>, kter&yacute; p&#345;edpokl&aacute;d&aacute;, &#382;e &bdquo;ide&aacute;ln&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientac&iacute;&ldquo; je heterosexualita, a diskriminuje &#269;i kriminalizuje jakoukoliv jinou (nap&#345;. homo- &#269;i bisexualitu). <\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Souhrnn&#283; &#345;e&#269;eno, takov&aacute; hegemonn&iacute; maskulinita se buduje p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m mezi sob&#283; rovn&yacute;mi odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute;m v&scaron;eho, co je femininn&iacute;, a p&#345;ij&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute;m patriarch&aacute;tu. Je budov&aacute;na na z&aacute;klad&#283; odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; v&#367;&#269;i &#382;en&aacute;m a jak&yacute;chkoliv sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch men&scaron;in.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.1.2. ROZVOJ T&Eacute;MATU<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jen&#382;e jak se to vlastn&#283; v&scaron;echno nau&#269;&iacute;me? Jak se takov&aacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Soubor hodnot zaveden&yacute; mu&#382;i u moci, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k inkluzi a exkluzi stejn&#283; jako k nerovn&eacute;mu uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute; spole&#269;nosti z hlediska genderu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hegemonicka-maskulinita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita<\/a> p&#345;ed&aacute;v&aacute;? Jak lze heteronormativitu &#345;e&scaron;it?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak u&#382; jsme uvedli, d&#283;ti jsou socializov&aacute;ny v r&aacute;mci heteronormativn&iacute; kultury prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m na&scaron;eho kontaktu s ostatn&iacute;mi, na&scaron;eho prost&#345;ed&iacute; (v rodin&#283;, ve &scaron;kole, na st&#345;edn&iacute; &scaron;kole atd.), m&eacute;di&iacute; atd. Postupn&#283; si osvojujeme a zvnit&#345;&#328;ujeme, jac&iacute; bychom m&#283;li b&yacute;t, jak bychom se m&#283;li chovat, posilujeme genderovou binaritu (femininita\/maskulinita) a odm&#283;&#328;ujeme postoje, kter&eacute; jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za typick&eacute; pro heterosexualitu.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spole&#269;nost n&aacute;m tedy r&#367;zn&yacute;mi cestami a sd&#283;len&iacute;mi v&scaron;t&#283;puje tento typ kultury. T&#345;eba chlapeck&eacute; oble&#269;en&iacute; jen z&#345;&iacute;dkakdy obsahuje kv&#283;tiny, zv&iacute;&#345;&aacute;tka, r&#367;&#382;ovou barvu&hellip; T&iacute;mto zp&#367;sobem jsou d&#283;ti za&#345;azov&aacute;ny do toho, jak&eacute; oble&#269;en&iacute; by m&#283;ly nebo nem&#283;ly nosit. Nebo kdy&#382; nap&#345;&iacute;klad chlapc&#367;m &#345;&iacute;k&aacute;me, &#382;e &bdquo;pl&aacute;&#269;ou jen holky&ldquo;, formujeme t&iacute;m jejich charakter, &#345;&iacute;k&aacute;me jim, co by m&#283;li nebo nem&#283;li d&#283;lat a jak by se m&#283;li nebo nem&#283;li chovat. Kdy&#382; chce d&iacute;vka hr&aacute;t fotbal a obl&eacute;k&aacute; se chlapecky tak, &#382;e o n&iacute; jej&iacute; vrstevn&iacute;ci za&#269;nou mluvit jako o &bdquo;tomboy&ldquo;, d&aacute;vaj&iacute; j&iacute; t&iacute;m najevo, co je pro jej&iacute; &bdquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a>&ldquo; p&#345;ijateln&eacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a co ne.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tento druh socializace, jen&#382; stanovuje, kter&eacute; praktiky jsou hegemonn&iacute;, posiluje normativn&iacute; projevy a orientace, m&aacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&yacute; vliv na pohodu a du&scaron;evn&iacute; zdrav&iacute; t&#283;ch, kte&#345;&iacute; se t&#283;mto norm&aacute;m nepod&#345;izuj&iacute;, jako nap&#345;&iacute;klad d&#283;t&iacute; a dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch, kte&#345;&iacute; se &#345;ad&iacute; k sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m men&scaron;in&aacute;m (gayov&eacute;, lesby, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;P&#345;&iacute;davn&eacute; jm&eacute;no pou&#382;&iacute;van&eacute; n&#283;kter&yacute;mi lidmi, jejich&#382; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace nen&iacute; v&yacute;hradn&#283; heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;. Tento zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n zahrnuje lidi, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, genderov&#283; fluidn&iacute; nebo genderov&#283; nekonformn&iacute; identitu. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a>) nebo jsou&nbsp; trans, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n, kter&yacute; se pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute; k popisu &scaron;irok&eacute; &scaron;k&aacute;ly p&#345;irozen&yacute;ch t&#283;lesn&yacute;ch variac&iacute;. Popisuje kambinace pohlavn&iacute;ch charakteristik, kter&eacute; nespadaj&iacute; do b&#283;&#382;n&eacute;ho bin&aacute;rn&iacute;ho d&#283;len&iacute; na mu&#382;e a &#382;eny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> atd. (Flores, Abboud, &amp; Barroso, 2019). V&yacute;zkumy toti&#382; pouk&aacute;zaly na n&#283;kter&eacute; z t&#283;chto dopad&#367;: hor&scaron;&iacute; studijn&iacute; v&yacute;sledky, psychick&eacute; pot&iacute;&#382;e, deprese, n&iacute;zk&eacute; sebev&#283;dom&iacute; a dokonce zneu&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; n&aacute;vykov&yacute;ch l&aacute;tek (Bauermeister et al., 2017).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V posledn&iacute;ch letech se na&scaron;t&#283;st&iacute; zvy&scaron;uje pov&#283;dom&iacute; o heteronormativn&iacute;m prost&#345;ed&iacute;, v n&#283;m&#382; &#382;ijeme, a proto doch&aacute;z&iacute; k jeho men&scaron;&iacute;mu prosazov&aacute;n&iacute;. To lidem st&aacute;le &#269;ast&#283;ji umo&#382;&#328;uje svobodn&#283; se projevovat a nemuset se &#345;&iacute;dit ji&#382; zm&iacute;n&#283;n&yacute;mi rigidn&iacute;mi k&oacute;dy.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jako rodi&#269;e si v&scaron;ak mus&iacute;me b&yacute;t v&#283;domi sv&yacute;ch vlastn&iacute;ch stereotyp&#367; a domn&#283;nek a udr&#382;ovat s d&#283;tmi otev&#345;enou komunikaci ve v&scaron;em, co se t&yacute;k&aacute; sexu a sexuality, co&#382; jim m&#367;&#382;e pomoci z&iacute;sk&aacute;vat konkr&eacute;tn&iacute; informace, kter&eacute; pot&#345;ebuj&iacute;, aby v&#283;d&#283;ly, &#382;e to, co c&iacute;t&iacute;, nen&iacute; nic divn&eacute;ho nebo vz&aacute;cn&eacute;ho &#269;i aby jim to pomohlo &#269;elit jejich sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; socializaci a pos&iacute;lit jejich zdrav&iacute; (Flores &amp; Barroso, 2017).<\/span><\/p><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> &ndash; 9.1.3. DISKRIMINA&#268;N&Iacute; SITUACE K T&Eacute;MATU &ndash; <i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;edstavte si, &#382;e jedete se svou dcerou na rodinnou se&scaron;lost. Kdy&#382; doraz&iacute;te na m&iacute;sto, p&#345;iv&iacute;t&aacute;te se s ostatn&iacute;mi. Ti se ale v&scaron;ichni va&scaron;&iacute; patn&aacute;ctilet&eacute; dcery (Laury) zeptaj&iacute;, jestli u&#382; m&#283;la p&#345;&iacute;tele. V&scaron;imnete si rozpa&#269;it&eacute;ho a smutn&eacute;ho v&yacute;razu va&scaron;&iacute; dcery a okomentujete to slovy &bdquo;je je&scaron;t&#283; mlad&aacute;, bude m&iacute;t &#269;as chodit s mnoha chlapci, nep&#345;eh&aacute;n&#283;jte to s n&iacute;&ldquo;. Kdy&#382; se vr&aacute;t&iacute;te dom&#367;, je po&#345;&aacute;d sklesl&aacute; a zamlkl&aacute;. Proto&#382;e si v&scaron;imnete, &#382;e n&#283;co nen&iacute; v po&#345;&aacute;dku, sednete si k n&iacute; a zept&aacute;te se j&iacute;, co se d&#283;je. Sv&#283;&#345;&iacute; se, &#382;e nev&iacute;, jestli ji p&#345;itahuj&iacute; kluci nebo holky, &#382;e nen&iacute; jako ostatn&iacute; a nev&iacute;, jestli s n&iacute; nen&iacute; n&#283;co v nepo&#345;&aacute;dku, proto&#382;e v&scaron;em jej&iacute;m kamar&aacute;dk&aacute;m se l&iacute;b&iacute; kluci a doma se j&iacute; po&#345;&aacute;d ptaj&iacute; na kluky. V t&eacute;to chv&iacute;li by bylo vhodn&eacute;, abyste se j&iacute; omluvili za svou chybu a za to, &#382;e jste p&#345;edpokl&aacute;dali, &#382;e se j&iacute; l&iacute;b&iacute; kluci, ani&#382; byste se j&iacute; zeptali a vysv&#283;tlili j&iacute;, &#382;e je spousta dal&scaron;&iacute;ch lid&iacute;, kter&yacute;m se l&iacute;b&iacute; kluci i holky, nebo jenom holky, nebo &#382;e je t&#345;eba nep&#345;itahuje nikdo a &#382;e na tom nen&iacute; nic &scaron;patn&eacute;ho.&nbsp; Jestli&#382;e potom nev&iacute;te, co byste mohli je&scaron;t&#283; ud&#283;lat: zkuste na internetu nebo na soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch s&iacute;t&iacute;ch vyhledat <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> organizace, na kter&eacute; by se va&scaron;e d&iacute;t&#283; mohlo obr&aacute;tit, aby se nec&iacute;tilo tak, jak se c&iacute;t&iacute;, a aby vid&#283;lo, &#382;e lze vyhledat podobn&eacute; osoby. P&#345;&iacute;padn&#283; se m&#367;&#382;ete pod&iacute;vat, jestli ve va&scaron;em m&#283;st&#283;\/obci neexistuje n&#283;jak&aacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> skupina.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.1.4. P&#344;&Iacute;KLADY DOBR&Eacute; PRAXE<\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pro rodi&#269;e je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute;, aby zv&aacute;&#382;ili n&#283;kolik aspekt&#367;:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mus&iacute;te se sna&#382;it o to, aby r&#367;zn&eacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; identity a orientace byly viditeln&eacute; a norm&aacute;ln&iacute;. Rovn&#283;&#382; nelze v &#382;&aacute;dn&eacute;m p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283; p&#345;edpokl&aacute;dat, &#382;e va&scaron;e d&iacute;t&#283; je <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o latinskou p&#345;edponu, kter&aacute; znamen&aacute; &amp;quot;na stejn&eacute; stran&#283; jako&amp;quot;, a je tedy antonymem slova &amp;quot;trans&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/cis\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>cis<\/a> (&#382;e jeho\/jej&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> odpov&iacute;d&aacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a>) nebo heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;. Je proto d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; v&#283;novat pozornost zp&#367;sobu vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;, p&#345;edpoklad&#367;m, ot&aacute;zk&aacute;m (nap&#345;&iacute;klad m&iacute;sto ot&aacute;zky, zda m&aacute; p&#345;&iacute;tele\/p&#345;&iacute;telkyni, byste m&#283;li pou&#382;&iacute;vat neutr&aacute;ln&iacute; jazyk, nap&#345;&iacute;klad&nbsp; &bdquo;chod&iacute;&scaron; s n&#283;k&yacute;m?&ldquo;).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sna&#382;te se d&#283;tem umo&#382;nit, aby se obl&eacute;kaly tak, jak samy uznaj&iacute; za vhodn&eacute; (ani&#382; by se &#345;&iacute;dily genderov&yacute;mi mantinely), aby se v&#283;novaly r&#367;zn&yacute;m z&aacute;lib&aacute;m, tj. aby se svobodn&#283; projevovaly jak&yacute;mkoliv zp&#367;sobem, kter&yacute; si vyberou (a oce&#328;ujte jejich odvahu, pokud t&iacute;m polemizuj&iacute; s p&#345;evl&aacute;daj&iacute;c&iacute;mi genderov&yacute;mi rolemi).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zaj&iacute;mejte se o jejich obavy a pocity. Pokud n&#283;kter&yacute;m v&#283;cem nerozum&iacute;te, ptejte se jich nebo hledejte informace v&#382;dy s otev&#345;en&yacute;m a respektuj&iacute;c&iacute;m p&#345;&iacute;stupem.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>9.1.5. REFERENCE<\/h3><p>Bauermeister, J., Connochie, D., Jadwin-Cakmak, L., &amp; Meanley, S. (2017). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> policing during childhood and the psychological well-being of young adult sexual minority men. <em>American Journal of Men&rsquo;s Health, 11(3)<\/em>, 693&ndash;701. doi:10.1177\/ 1557988316680938<\/p><p>Connell, R. W., &amp; Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> &amp; society, 19(6)<\/em>, 829-859.<\/p><p>Flores, D., Abboud, S., &amp; Barroso, J. (2019) Hegemonic Masculinity During Parent-Child Sex Communication with Sexual Minority Male Adolescents. <em>American Journal of Sexuality Education, 14(4)<\/em>, 417-439. DOI: 10.1080\/15546128.2019.1626312<\/p><p>Flores, D., &amp; Barroso, J. (2017). 21st century parent&ndash;child sex communication in the United States: A process review. <em>The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4-5)<\/em>, 532-548.<\/p><p>Ingraham, C. (1994). The heterosexual imaginary: Feminist sociology and theories of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Sociological theory<\/em>, 203-219.<\/p><p>M&eacute;ndez, L. B. (2002). Masculinidad hegem&oacute;nica e identidad masculina. <em>Dossiers feministes<\/em>, 7-35.<\/p><p>Whitehead, J. C., Thomas, J., Forkner, B., &amp; LaMonica, D. (2012). Reluctant gatekeepers: &lsquo;Trans-positive&rsquo; practitioners and the social construction of sex and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a>. <em>Journal of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> Studies, 21(4)<\/em>, 387-400.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Soubor hodnot zaveden&yacute; mu&#382;i u moci, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k inkluzi a exkluzi stejn&#283; jako k nerovn&eacute;mu uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute; spole&#269;nosti z hlediska genderu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hegemonicka-maskulinita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita<\/a> (Conell, 2005 je soubor hodnot ustanoven&yacute; mu&#382;i v mocensk&yacute;ch pozic&iacute;ch, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k za&#269;le&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute;, vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; a organizuje spole&#269;nost genderov&#283; nerovn&yacute;m zp&#367;sobem. Kombinuje n&#283;kolik rys&#367;, a to hierarchii maskulinit, diferencovan&yacute; p&#345;&iacute;stup mu&#382;&#367; k moci (oproti &#382;en&aacute;m a jin&yacute;m mu&#382;&#367;m) a vz&aacute;jemn&eacute; p&#367;soben&iacute; mu&#382;sk&eacute; identity, mu&#382;sk&yacute;ch ide&aacute;l&#367;, interakc&iacute;, moci a patriarch&aacute;tu. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Heterosexismus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ideologie, kter&aacute; prosazuje konven&#269;nost genderu\/pohlav&iacute;, heterosexualitu a tradi&#269;n&iacute; rodinu jako jedin&yacute; zp&#367;sob byt&iacute; lid&iacute;, diskriminuje a podhodnocuje v&scaron;echny ostatn&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/heterosexismus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Heterosexismus<\/a> (Ingraham, 1996) je [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":10086,"menu_order":28,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-9518","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/9518","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9518"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/9518\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9518"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=9518"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}