{"id":9512,"date":"2023-04-28T18:27:48","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T18:27:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/9-3-gender-roles-and-gender-stereotypes-8985\/"},"modified":"2023-08-22T18:47:49","modified_gmt":"2023-08-22T18:47:49","slug":"9-3-gender-roles-and-gender-stereotypes-8985","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/docs\/guide-for-families\/9-environment-influences-8828\/9-3-gender-roles-and-gender-stereotypes-8985\/","title":{"rendered":"9.3. GENDEROV\u00c9 ROLE A STEREOTYPY"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9512\" class=\"elementor elementor-9512 elementor-8985\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0d0a082 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0d0a082\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c785cc9\" data-id=\"c785cc9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d0c698 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0d0c698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8721\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_gender_roles_37380c96-0636-4833-a09a-2ff252e439aa.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8df9ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b8df9ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b4d63d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b4d63d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; stereotypy&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;jsou to p&#345;edpoklady o tom, jac&iacute; jsou obvykle mu&#382;i a &#382;eny, nebo jak by se &#382;eny a mu&#382;i m&#283;li chovat, aby byli &amp;quot;spr&aacute;vn&yacute;mi&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-stereotypy\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Genderov&eacute; stereotypy<\/a> a role se skl&aacute;daj&iacute; z p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;en&iacute; a o&#269;ek&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; spole&#269;nosti o vlastnostech, schopnostech nebo funkc&iacute;ch, kter&eacute; jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za femininn&iacute; nebo maskulinn&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na d&#283;ti se p&#345;en&aacute;&scaron;ej&iacute; b&#283;hem procesu socializace, kter&aacute; prob&iacute;h&aacute; v rodin&#283;, ve &scaron;kole, v interakci s vrstevn&iacute;ky a s m&eacute;dii.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V mnoha p&#345;&iacute;padech <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; role&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a &#269;innosti, kter&eacute; p&#345;isuzujeme lidem na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich biologick&eacute;ho pohlav&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-role\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&eacute; role<\/a> a stereotypy reaguj&iacute; na nev&#283;dom&eacute; p&#345;edsudky a my je nev&#283;domky p&#345;en&aacute;&scaron;&iacute;me prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m sv&eacute;ho chov&aacute;n&iacute;, jazyka nebo o&#269;ek&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;, kter&aacute; vzn&aacute;&scaron;&iacute;me na druh&eacute;. Chceme-li tedy dos&aacute;hnout rovnost&aacute;&#345;&scaron;t&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; spole&#269;nosti, je nezbytn&eacute; si je uv&#283;domit a sna&#382;it se je m&#283;nit.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c640bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c640bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>9.3.1. &Uacute;VOD<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; stereotypy&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;jsou to p&#345;edpoklady o tom, jac&iacute; jsou obvykle mu&#382;i a &#382;eny, nebo jak by se &#382;eny a mu&#382;i m&#283;li chovat, aby byli &amp;quot;spr&aacute;vn&yacute;mi&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-stereotypy\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Genderov&eacute; stereotypy<\/a> podmi&#328;uj&iacute; v&yacute;voj identity ka&#382;d&eacute; osoby ji&#382; od narozen&iacute; a tla&#269;&iacute; na to, abychom se p&#345;izp&#367;sobili ur&#269;it&yacute;m vlastnostem, schopnostem, funkc&iacute;m a &#269;innostem, zat&iacute;mco dal&scaron;&iacute; jsou odm&iacute;t&aacute;ny. P&#345;esto&#382;e se jedn&aacute; o kulturn&iacute; a soci&aacute;ln&iacute; konstrukce, prom&#283;&#328;uj&iacute;c&iacute; se v r&#367;zn&yacute;ch spole&#269;nostech a v pr&#367;b&#283;hu d&#283;jin, v&yacute;znamn&aacute; &#269;&aacute;st t&#283;chto stereotyp&#367; a rol&iacute; je z&#345;ejm&#283; univerz&aacute;ln&iacute;. Tak &#269;i onak, p&#345;edstavuj&iacute; um&#283;lou diferenciaci mu&#382;&#367; a &#382;en (a chlapc&#367; a d&iacute;vek) vypl&yacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; z genderov&eacute; binarity a z p&#345;edstavy o tom, k&yacute;m se ka&#382;d&yacute; &#269;lov&#283;k m&#367;&#382;e st&aacute;t, co&#382; zakl&aacute;d&aacute; mechanismus, kter&yacute; je zdrojem nerovnost&iacute;, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> a osobn&iacute;ho nepohodl&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pokud si budeme v&#283;domi jejich existence a toho, jak ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; n&aacute;&scaron; ka&#382;dodenn&iacute; &#382;ivot, m&#367;&#382;eme usilovat o omezen&iacute; jejich dopadu na budouc&iacute; generace.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.3.2. ROZVOJ T&Eacute;MATU<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak je vid&#283;t v r&aacute;mci <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kapitoly 2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&aacute; identita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;vnit&#345;n&iacute; osobn&iacute; vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute; identity, kter&eacute; souvis&iacute; se soci&aacute;ln&iacute;mi a kulturn&iacute;mi definicemi genderu. Genderov&aacute; identita &#269;lov&#283;ka se m&#367;&#382;e shodovat s pohlav&iacute;m, kter&eacute; bylo zaps&aacute;no p&#345;i narozen&iacute; (cisgender), nebo se od n&#283;j r&#367;zn&yacute;mi zp&#367;soby li&scaron;it. U v&#283;t&scaron;iny lid&iacute; je genderov&aacute; identita shodn&aacute; s pohlav&iacute;m zapsan&yacute;m p&#345;i narozen&iacute;; u trans, nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;ch a dal&scaron;&iacute;ch genderov&#283; rozmanit&yacute;ch osob se genderov&aacute; identita v r&#367;zn&eacute; m&iacute;&#345;e li&scaron;&iacute; od pohlav&iacute; zapsan&eacute;ho p&#345;i narozen&iacute; (APA, 2015).  &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderova-identita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&aacute; identita<\/a> nen&iacute; biologick&yacute;m rysem, ale soci&aacute;ln&iacute; konstrukc&iacute; toho, co znamen&aacute; narodit se s &#382;ensk&yacute;mi nebo mu&#382;sk&yacute;mi genit&aacute;liemi a rozli&scaron;en&iacute;m mezi t&iacute;m, co pova&#382;ujeme za femininn&iacute;m a co naopak za maskulinn&iacute;. V r&aacute;mci &scaron;ir&scaron;&iacute;ho pojet&iacute; genderu m&#367;&#382;eme hovo&#345;it o genderov&yacute;ch stereotypech a genderov&yacute;ch rol&iacute;ch.<\/span><\/p><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; stereotypy&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;jsou to p&#345;edpoklady o tom, jac&iacute; jsou obvykle mu&#382;i a &#382;eny, nebo jak by se &#382;eny a mu&#382;i m&#283;li chovat, aby byli &amp;quot;spr&aacute;vn&yacute;mi&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-stereotypy\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Genderov&eacute; stereotypy<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> jsou tvo&#345;eny kulturn&iacute;mi p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;en&iacute;mi o vlastnostech &#269;i rysech, kter&eacute; jsou vlastn&iacute; mu&#382;&#367;m a &#382;en&aacute;m a\/nebo kter&eacute; jsou u nich &#382;&aacute;douc&iacute;. Obr&aacute;zek 12 ukazuje n&#283;kter&eacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; stereotypy&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;jsou to p&#345;edpoklady o tom, jac&iacute; jsou obvykle mu&#382;i a &#382;eny, nebo jak by se &#382;eny a mu&#382;i m&#283;li chovat, aby byli &amp;quot;spr&aacute;vn&yacute;mi&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-stereotypy\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&eacute; stereotypy<\/a> (Langford &amp; MacKinnon, 2000).<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-10422 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_13-1024x569.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_13-1024x569.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_13-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_13-768x427.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_13-20x11.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_13-1536x854.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_13.png 2006w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/p><h6>Obr 13. Genderov&eacute; stereotypy<\/h6><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Domn&#283;nka, &#382;e mu&#382;i a &#382;eny maj&iacute; odli&scaron;n&eacute; osobnostn&iacute; rysy a vlastnosti, umo&#382;nila ustaven&iacute; <\/span><b>genderov&yacute;ch rol&iacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kter&eacute; se t&yacute;kaj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a &#269;innost&iacute;, je&#382; lidem p&#345;isuzujeme v z&aacute;vislosti na jejich biologick&eacute;m <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a>. Mu&#382;sk&aacute; role byla tradi&#269;n&#283; propojena s funkcemi, kter&eacute; umo&#382;&#328;uj&iacute; nab&yacute;vat bohatstv&iacute; a pokr&yacute;vat materi&aacute;ln&iacute; pot&#345;eby vlastn&iacute; i cel&eacute; rodiny: v&yacute;kon placen&eacute;ho zam&#283;stn&aacute;n&iacute;, postaven&iacute; hlavy a autority v rodin&#283;, &uacute;&#269;ast v politick&eacute;m d&#283;n&iacute; a v rozhodovac&iacute;ch procesech apod. (to, &#269;emu se &#345;&iacute;k&aacute;&nbsp; &bdquo;role &#382;ivitele&ldquo;). Na druhou stranu byla role &#382;eny tvo&#345;ena p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m &uacute;lohami, jako je p&eacute;&#269;e o d&#283;ti a nezaopat&#345;en&eacute; osoby, emo&#269;n&iacute; podpora, vykon&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; dom&aacute;c&iacute;ch prac&iacute; atd. (tzv.&nbsp; &bdquo;expresivn&iacute; role&ldquo;).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podle Saldivar et al. (2015) role &#382;eny pat&#345;&iacute; do soukrom&eacute;ho sv&#283;ta, je m&aacute;lo cen&#283;n&aacute; a spole&#269;ensky uzn&aacute;van&aacute; a &#382;eny v n&iacute; vykon&aacute;vaj&iacute; &#269;innosti prosp&#283;&scaron;n&eacute; pro rodinu a spole&#269;nost, ani&#382; by za to dost&aacute;valy odm&#283;nu nebo uzn&aacute;n&iacute;. Mu&#382;sk&aacute; role naproti tomu dominuje ve&#345;ejn&eacute;mu a produktivn&iacute;mu sv&#283;tu a je vysoce spole&#269;ensky a ekonomicky oce&#328;ov&aacute;na. Tato diferenciace mezi t&iacute;m, co znamen&aacute; b&yacute;t &#382;enou, resp. mu&#382;em, zakl&aacute;d&aacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute; nerovnosti a &#269;asto i diskriminaci &#382;en v r&aacute;mci spole&#269;ensk&eacute; struktury a d&#283;lby pr&aacute;ce. Vztah k genderov&yacute;m rol&iacute;m souvis&iacute; s genderovou segregac&iacute; b&#283;hem vzd&#283;l&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; a genderov&yacute;mi nerovnostmi v oblasti dosa&#382;en&eacute;ho vzd&#283;l&aacute;n&iacute;, profesn&iacute; segmentac&iacute; a genderov&yacute;mi rozd&iacute;ly v oblasti podm&iacute;nek pr&aacute;ce (obecn&#283; se vyzna&#269;uj&iacute; hor&scaron;&iacute;mi pracovn&iacute;mi a platov&yacute;mi podm&iacute;nkami pro &#382;eny) (Halimi, Davis &amp; Consuegra, 2021).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mus&iacute;me v&scaron;ak uznat, &#382;e pokud jde o akademick&eacute; a pracovn&iacute; role, studie poukazuj&iacute; na zm&#283;nu trend&#367;. D&iacute;vky jsou st&aacute;le &#269;ast&#283;ji podporov&aacute;ny ve v&yacute;b&#283;ru studijn&iacute;ch obor&#367;, jako jsou p&#345;&iacute;rodn&iacute; v&#283;dy, technologie, in&#382;en&yacute;rstv&iacute; a matematika (Tong, 2012). Zat&iacute;m se nezd&aacute;, &#382;e by chlapci byli stejn&#283; motivov&aacute;ni k tomu, aby zva&#382;ovali oblasti, jako je o&scaron;et&#345;ovatelstv&iacute; nebo p&eacute;&#269;e o d&#283;ti. Zd&aacute; se, &#382;e spole&#269;nosti vyhovuje sp&iacute;&scaron;e to, kdy&#382; se do tradi&#269;n&#283; mu&#382;sk&yacute;ch obor&#367; hl&aacute;s&iacute; &#382;eny, a m&eacute;n&#283; to, kdy&#382; se do tradi&#269;n&#283; &#382;ensk&yacute;ch obor&#367; hl&aacute;s&iacute; mu&#382;i.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; stereotypy&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;jsou to p&#345;edpoklady o tom, jac&iacute; jsou obvykle mu&#382;i a &#382;eny, nebo jak by se &#382;eny a mu&#382;i m&#283;li chovat, aby byli &amp;quot;spr&aacute;vn&yacute;mi&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-stereotypy\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Genderov&eacute; stereotypy<\/a> a role jsou p&#345;&iacute;tomny je&scaron;t&#283; p&#345;ed narozen&iacute;m, jsou osvojov&aacute;ny v d&#283;tstv&iacute; a zd&#367;raz&#328;ov&aacute;ny b&#283;hem dosp&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;. P&#345;en&aacute;&scaron;ej&iacute; se prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m rodinn&eacute; socializace, &scaron;koln&iacute; v&yacute;uky, vztah&#367; s vrstevn&iacute;ky a m&eacute;di&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rodina p&#345;edstavuje prvn&iacute; prostor socializace, ve kter&eacute;m doch&aacute;z&iacute; k p&#345;enosu spole&#269;ensk&yacute;ch norem a hodnot stejn&#283; tak jako k rozli&scaron;ov&aacute;n&iacute; mezi ob&#283;ma biologick&yacute;mi pohlav&iacute;mi. Na t&#283;chto z&aacute;kladech je budov&aacute;na <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&aacute; identita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;vnit&#345;n&iacute; osobn&iacute; vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute; identity, kter&eacute; souvis&iacute; se soci&aacute;ln&iacute;mi a kulturn&iacute;mi definicemi genderu. Genderov&aacute; identita &#269;lov&#283;ka se m&#367;&#382;e shodovat s pohlav&iacute;m, kter&eacute; bylo zaps&aacute;no p&#345;i narozen&iacute; (cisgender), nebo se od n&#283;j r&#367;zn&yacute;mi zp&#367;soby li&scaron;it. U v&#283;t&scaron;iny lid&iacute; je genderov&aacute; identita shodn&aacute; s pohlav&iacute;m zapsan&yacute;m p&#345;i narozen&iacute;; u trans, nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;ch a dal&scaron;&iacute;ch genderov&#283; rozmanit&yacute;ch osob se genderov&aacute; identita v r&#367;zn&eacute; m&iacute;&#345;e li&scaron;&iacute; od pohlav&iacute; zapsan&eacute;ho p&#345;i narozen&iacute; (APA, 2015).  &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderova-identita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&aacute; identita<\/a> a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; role&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a &#269;innosti, kter&eacute; p&#345;isuzujeme lidem na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich biologick&eacute;ho pohlav&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-role\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&eacute; role<\/a> d&#283;t&iacute;. &#268;astou skute&#269;nost&iacute; je, &#382;e rodina d&iacute;vk&aacute;m a chlapc&#367;m p&#345;edkl&aacute;d&aacute; odli&scaron;n&eacute; aktivity, hra&#269;ky nebo oble&#269;en&iacute;. To, jak se dosp&#283;l&iacute; v rodin&#283; chovaj&iacute; k d&#283;tem, je &#269;asto ovlivn&#283;no genderem, kter&yacute; je d&#283;tem p&#345;isuzov&aacute;n. Mimoto d&#283;ti &#269;asto reprodukuj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; sv&yacute;ch rodi&#269;&#367; (Halpern &amp; Perry-Jenkins, 2016), tak&#382;e dosp&#283;l&eacute; osoby v r&aacute;mci rodinn&eacute;ho prost&#345;ed&iacute; slou&#382;&iacute; jako vzory&nbsp; &bdquo;vhodn&eacute;ho&ldquo; chov&aacute;n&iacute; pro p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&eacute; genderov&eacute; skupiny.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rodiny se v posledn&iacute;ch desetilet&iacute;ch velmi zm&#283;nily, zejm&eacute;na po rozs&aacute;hl&eacute; inkluzi &#382;en v r&aacute;mci trhu pr&aacute;ce. To vedlo k ur&#269;it&yacute;m zm&#283;n&aacute;m v jejich rol&iacute;ch, ale ne tolika nebo tak p&#345;&iacute;zniv&yacute;m, jak by se dalo o&#269;ek&aacute;vat. Na &#382;eny st&aacute;le dopad&aacute; v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; b&#345;emeno p&eacute;&#269;e o d&#283;ti a dom&aacute;cnost, navzdory tomu, &#382;e vykon&aacute;vaj&iacute; pr&aacute;ci i mimo dom&aacute;cnost. V&#283;deck&eacute; v&yacute;zkumy v&scaron;ak ukazuj&iacute;, &#382;e v rodin&aacute;ch, ve kter&yacute;ch se oba rodi&#269;e pod&iacute;lej&iacute; na v&yacute;chov&#283; a p&eacute;&#269;i o dom&aacute;cnost a ve kter&yacute;ch je rozhodov&aacute;n&iacute; sd&iacute;len&eacute;, nejsou mu&#382;sk&eacute; a &#382;ensk&eacute; role tak striktn&#283; rozli&scaron;ov&aacute;ny, a d&#283;ti tento fakt takto vn&iacute;maj&iacute; (Halpern &amp; Perry-Jenkins, 2016).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D&#283;ti si buduj&iacute; vlastn&iacute; identitu v pr&#367;b&#283;hu objevov&aacute;n&iacute; sv&yacute;ch individu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch zvl&aacute;&scaron;tnost&iacute; prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m odli&scaron;en&iacute; se od ostatn&iacute;ch &#269;len&#367; rodiny. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; role&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a &#269;innosti, kter&eacute; p&#345;isuzujeme lidem na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich biologick&eacute;ho pohlav&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-role\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Genderov&eacute; role<\/a> d&#283;ti omezuj&iacute; a limituj&iacute; je v objevov&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ch z&aacute;jm&#367; a vlastn&iacute; jedine&#269;n&eacute; identity. Nutnost vzd&aacute;t se &#269;&aacute;sti sebe sama a pop&#345;&iacute;t ji, jen aby se d&#283;ti vm&#283;stnaly do dichotomie genderov&yacute;ch rol&iacute;, je pro n&#283; zat&iacute;m st&aacute;le probl&eacute;mem. Rodi&#269;e by m&#283;li v r&aacute;mci t&eacute;to cesty db&aacute;t na to, aby se jejich d&#283;ti c&iacute;tily schopn&eacute;, p&#345;ij&iacute;man&eacute; a oce&#328;ovan&eacute;, a to proto, &#382;e jedin&#283; tak budou rozv&iacute;jet jejich osobn&iacute; schopnosti nehled&#283; na to, jestli se po&#269;&iacute;taj&iacute; k jednomu nebo druh&eacute;mu <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a>, nebo jestli jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za feminn&iacute; &#269;i maskulinn&iacute;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D&#283;ti, kter&eacute; nav&scaron;t&#283;vuj&iacute; &scaron;kolu, maj&iacute; tendenci n&aacute;sledovat sign&aacute;ly od vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute;ch ohledn&#283; vhodn&yacute;ch genderov&yacute;ch rys&#367; a rol&iacute;. Jak bylo zji&scaron;t&#283;no v pedagogick&eacute; literatu&#345;e (Bassi et al., 2018), v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; m&iacute;ra v&#283;novan&eacute; pozornosti vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute;ch (pozitivn&iacute; &#269;i negativn&iacute;) m&#367;&#382;e m&iacute;t vliv na motivaci, aspirace a studijn&iacute; v&yacute;sledky stejn&#283; jako na rozhodov&aacute;n&iacute; o budouc&iacute; vysok&eacute; &scaron;kole nebo zam&#283;stn&aacute;n&iacute;. Studie ukazuj&iacute;, &#382;e vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute; v&#283;nuj&iacute; chlapc&#367;m nev&#283;dom&#283; v&iacute;ce pozornosti a vyu&#269;ovac&iacute;ho &#269;asu ne&#382; d&iacute;vk&aacute;m, a to i v p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283;, &#382;e se sna&#382;&iacute; budovat genderov&#283; vyv&aacute;&#382;en&eacute; t&#345;&iacute;dy. Jak jsme vid&#283;li v jin&yacute;ch kapitol&aacute;ch, studie ukazuj&iacute;, &#382;e mu&#382;i\/chlapci obsazuj&iacute; v&iacute;ce prostoru ne&#382; &#382;eny\/d&iacute;vky (a to jak fyzicky, tak i v diskuz&iacute;ch), p&#345;i&#269;em&#382; k tomu b&yacute;vaj&iacute; i povzbuzov&aacute;ni. Z&aacute;rove&#328; v&scaron;ak maj&iacute; vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute; tendenci chlapce pova&#382;ovat za pot&iacute;&#382;isty a &#269;ast&#283;ji u nich odhalovat poruchy chov&aacute;n&iacute; a hyperaktivn&iacute; poruchu pozornosti ne&#382; u d&iacute;vek. Tyto p&#345;edsudky jsou &#269;asto nev&#283;dom&eacute;, vych&aacute;zej&iacute; z m&yacute;t&#367; a p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;en&iacute;, kter&aacute; nejsou nutn&#283; podlo&#382;ena d&#367;kazy nebo t&#345;eba p&#345;&iacute;mou zku&scaron;enost&iacute; (Sadker &amp; Sadker, 1985). Zvy&scaron;ov&aacute;n&iacute; citlivosti vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute;ch v&#367;&#269;i genderov&yacute;m p&#345;edsudk&#367;m by m&#283;lo b&yacute;t spojeno s reviz&iacute; rozsahu genderov&yacute;ch p&#345;edsudk&#367; v u&#269;ebnic&iacute;ch.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tak&eacute; spole&#269;nost obecn&#283;, a zvl&aacute;&scaron;t&#283; pak vrstevnick&eacute; skupiny, maj&iacute; velkou moc formovat chlapce a d&iacute;vky do podoby maskulinn&iacute;ch m&#367;&#382;u, respektive femininn&iacute;ch &#382;en. Touha b&yacute;t spole&#269;ensky akceptov&aacute;n je p&#345;irozenou lidskou touhou, tak&#382;e vzep&#345;en&iacute; se genderov&yacute;m norm&aacute;m m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t pro jednotlivce opravdu t&#283;&#382;k&eacute;. Tato situace je zvl&aacute;&scaron;t&#283; d&#367;le&#382;it&aacute; pro dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;. Dosp&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; je etapou, kdy i <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; role&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a &#269;innosti, kter&eacute; p&#345;isuzujeme lidem na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich biologick&eacute;ho pohlav&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-role\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&eacute; role<\/a> nab&yacute;vaj&iacute; specifick&eacute;ho v&yacute;znamu. D&iacute;ky fyzick&yacute;m zm&#283;n&aacute;m v obdob&iacute; puberty se <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> v r&aacute;mci interakc&iacute; s ostatn&iacute;mi projevuje v&yacute;razn&#283;ji ne&#382; v d&#345;&iacute;v&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ch v&yacute;vojov&yacute;ch f&aacute;z&iacute;ch. Spole&#269;ensk&aacute; o&#269;ek&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; tak vyv&iacute;jej&iacute; v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; tlak na to, aby se &#269;lov&#283;k choval v souladu s genderov&yacute;mi rolemi (Galambos, 2013).&nbsp; U dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch se tak&eacute; zvy&scaron;uje jejich kognitivn&iacute; schopnost rozum&#283;t soci&aacute;ln&iacute;m a genderov&yacute;m norm&aacute;m a zvy&scaron;uje se i jejich schopnost soci&aacute;ln&#283; se srovn&aacute;vat. Roz&scaron;i&#345;uje se jejich soci&aacute;ln&iacute; s&iacute;&#357; a dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; se sou&#269;asn&#283; st&aacute;vaj&iacute; citliv&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;mi na hodnocen&iacute; ze strany druh&yacute;ch a aktivn&#283; vyhled&aacute;vaj&iacute; pocit soun&aacute;le&#382;itosti se skupinou.<\/span><\/p><p><b>P&#345;ijet&iacute; od vrstevn&iacute;k&#367; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">je snaz&scaron;&iacute;, kdy&#382; se p&#345;izp&#367;sobuj&iacute; spole&#269;ensk&yacute;m norm&aacute;m t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch se maskulinity a feminity (K&aring;gesten et al., 2016). Nejv&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; tlak je vyv&iacute;jen v r&aacute;mci skupin stejn&eacute;ho <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> (zejm&eacute;na u chlapc&#367;) (Galambos, 2004). Studie obvykle ukazuj&iacute;, &#382;e chlapci maj&iacute; tradi&#269;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; postoje k genderov&yacute;m rol&iacute;m ne&#382; d&iacute;vky (Carlson &amp; Knoester, 2011) a &#382;e rozmez&iacute; toho, co je u chlapc&#367; pova&#382;ov&aacute;no za vhodn&eacute; (a nevhodn&eacute;), je u&#382;&scaron;&iacute; pro chlapce ne&#382; pro d&iacute;vky (Mehta &amp; Strough, 2009). Ned&aacute;vn&eacute; v&yacute;zkumy v&scaron;ak tak&eacute; ukazuj&iacute;, &#382;e u dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch, kte&#345;&iacute; v ran&eacute;m dosp&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; vn&iacute;maj&iacute; v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; tlak na to, aby se p&#345;izp&#367;sobili genderov&yacute;m stereotyp&#367;m a rol&iacute;m, se &#269;asem rozv&iacute;jej&iacute; v&iacute;ce rovnost&aacute;&#345;sk&eacute; n&aacute;zory. To souvis&iacute; se spole&#269;ensk&yacute;m posunem sm&#283;rem k rovnosti v posledn&iacute;ch letech (Halimi, Davis &amp; Consuegra, 2021), kter&yacute; zase &uacute;zce souvis&iacute; se vzd&#283;l&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;m v oblasti genderov&yacute;ch rol&iacute; (Davis, 2007).<\/span><\/p><p><b>D&#283;ti se &#269;asto u&#269;&iacute; genderov&yacute;m rol&iacute;m a stereotyp&#367;m z knih, p&iacute;sni&#269;ek, televize, film&#367; a soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch s&iacute;t&iacute; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m jejich sd&#283;len&iacute; a vzor&#367;, kter&eacute; zn&aacute;zor&#328;uj&iacute;, jak by m&#283;l mu&#382; &#269;i &#382;ena vypadat nebo jak by se m&#283;li chovat. Podle Durkin a Nugent (1998) jsou z&aacute;jmy, povol&aacute;n&iacute; a dal&scaron;&iacute; aktivity p&#283;tilet&yacute;ch d&#283;t&iacute; siln&#283; ovlivn&#283;ny televizn&iacute;mi po&#345;ady. D&#367;le&#382;it&yacute;m prvkem socializace jsou tak&eacute; reklamy. &#268;asto obsahuj&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; role&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a &#269;innosti, kter&eacute; p&#345;isuzujeme lidem na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich biologick&eacute;ho pohlav&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-role\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&eacute; role<\/a> a stereotypy, kter&eacute; prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m podprahov&yacute;ch sd&#283;len&iacute; p&#367;sob&iacute;, &#382;e je podv&#283;dom&#283; p&#345;ej&iacute;m&aacute;me a prosazujeme, p&#345;i&#269;em&#382; jsou obvykle d&#283;leny podle <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a>. Z&aacute;rove&#328; je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; si uv&#283;domit, &#382;e hra je z&aacute;kladn&iacute;m mechanismem u&#269;en&iacute; a v&yacute;voje. Kdy&#382; reklamy odkazuj&iacute; na hry a hra&#269;ky, ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; tak&eacute; proces konstruov&aacute;n&iacute; genderov&yacute;ch rol&iacute; a stereotyp&#367; (Klass, 2018). Rozd&#283;lov&aacute;n&iacute; hra&#269;ek podle toho, co se pova&#382;uje za&nbsp; &bdquo;vhodn&eacute;&ldquo; pro chlapce nebo d&iacute;vky, tak m&#367;&#382;e omezovat rozvoj r&#367;zn&yacute;ch schopnost&iacute;, jako jsou vizu&aacute;ln&#283;-prostorov&eacute; schopnosti, empatie, iniciativa nebo soci&aacute;ln&iacute; dovednosti (Cherney &amp; London, 2006). V&yacute;zkum, kter&yacute; provedli Gonz&aacute;lez-Anleo et al. (2018), dosp&#283;l k z&aacute;v&#283;ru, &#382;e reklama zam&#283;&#345;en&aacute; na d&#283;ti ve &Scaron;pan&#283;lsku v sou&#269;asn&eacute; dob&#283; m&eacute;n&#283; odr&aacute;&#382;&iacute;&nbsp; &bdquo;tradi&#269;n&iacute; maskulinitu&ldquo; a &#382;e obsah c&iacute;len&yacute; na &#382;ensk&eacute; publikum je mnohem pest&#345;ej&scaron;&iacute;, a&#269;koliv role, kter&eacute; jsou historicky hloub&#283;ji zako&#345;en&#283;n&eacute; (mate&#345;stv&iacute; a kr&aacute;sa), jsou st&aacute;le udr&#382;ov&aacute;ny. Krom&#283; toho zjistili, &#382;e reklamy jsou v&#283;t&scaron;inou zam&#283;&#345;eny na chlapce nebo d&iacute;vky odd&#283;len&#283;, &#269;&iacute;m&#382; se sni&#382;uje mno&#382;stv&iacute; her, kter&eacute; jsou ur&#269;eny v&scaron;em dohromady.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Studie Ju&aacute;rez-Rodr&iacute;guez (2020) zam&#283;&#345;en&aacute; na d&#283;tsk&eacute; p&iacute;sni&#269;ky na YouTube zjistila, &#382;e v&#283;t&scaron;inu hlavn&iacute;ch rol&iacute; v p&iacute;sni&#269;k&aacute;ch hraj&iacute; mu&#382;sk&eacute; postavy a &#382;e &#382;ensk&eacute; postavy jsou v&#283;t&scaron;inou omezeny na roli&nbsp; &bdquo;man&#382;elky, matky nebo pe&#269;ovatelky&ldquo; nebo na objekt touhy &#269;i sporu mu&#382;&#367;. Tato studie tak&eacute; ukazuje, na to &#382;e modely maskulinity zalo&#382;en&eacute; na agresivit&#283; a normalizaci toxick&eacute; maskulinity st&aacute;le p&#345;etrv&aacute;vaj&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.3.3. P&#344;&Iacute;KLADY DOBR&Eacute; PRAXE<\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vytv&aacute;&#345;ejte bezpe&#269;n&yacute; prostor, ve kter&eacute;m se d&#283;ti mohou u&#269;it a objevovat. Pomozte jim, aby se c&iacute;tily pohodln&#283; ve vztahu ke sv&yacute;m preferenc&iacute;m tak, &#382;e budete podporovat jejich netradi&#269;n&iacute; volby, uji&scaron;&#357;ovat je, &#382;e je v po&#345;&aacute;dku b&yacute;t jin&yacute;, a podporovat kulturu akceptace ve t&#345;&iacute;d&#283;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poskytujte d&#283;tem r&#367;zn&eacute; vzory, d&aacute;vejte jim p&#345;&iacute;klady z re&aacute;ln&eacute;ho &#382;ivota, kter&eacute; vyvracej&iacute; stereotypy.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sna&#382;te se vyvracet stereotypy, kdykoliv je usly&scaron;&iacute;te, nab&iacute;zejte jim protin&aacute;zory z vlastn&iacute;ch zku&scaron;enost&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pe&#269;liv&#283; vyb&iacute;rejte knihy a materi&aacute;ly ur&#269;en&eacute; k &#269;etb&#283; ve t&#345;&iacute;d&#283;, mohou b&yacute;t velmi u&#382;ite&#269;n&eacute; p&#345;i bo&#345;en&iacute; stereotyp&#367;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sledujte, kdo pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute; kter&eacute; prostory a vybaven&iacute;, a zkuste zjistit, zda byste mohli prov&eacute;st n&#283;jak&eacute; zm&#283;ny nebo kroky, kter&eacute; by studuj&iacute;c&iacute; povzbudily k tomu, aby se p&#345;i jejich pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; c&iacute;tili stejn&#283; svobodn&#283; (t&#345;eba barvou).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podporujte chlapce i d&iacute;vky v tom, aby ve t&#345;&iacute;d&#283; vykon&aacute;vali nejr&#367;zn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; pr&aacute;ce (st&#283;hovali n&aacute;bytek, ukl&iacute;zeli, &#269;istili tabuli atd.).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ned&#283;lte d&#283;ti podle genderu, d&aacute;valo by jim to najevo, &#382;e pr&aacute;v&#283; to, &#382;e jsou chlapci, nebo d&iacute;vky, je na nich to nejd&#367;le&#382;it&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;, a posilovalo by to stereotypy.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pou&#382;&iacute;vejte genderov&#283; neutr&aacute;ln&iacute; a inkluzivn&iacute; jazyk, vyhnete se tak &scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&iacute; myln&yacute;ch p&#345;edstav a p&#345;edejdete posilov&aacute;n&iacute; restriktivn&iacute;ch genderov&yacute;ch rol&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vyh&yacute;bejte se zobec&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute;, p&#345;edsudk&#367;m a za&#382;it&yacute;m p&#345;edstav&aacute;m o <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> nebo genderu.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vyh&yacute;bejte se p&#345;&iacute;stupu k sexistick&yacute;m podn&#283;t&#367;m a rozv&iacute;jejte kritick&eacute; c&iacute;t&#283;n&iacute;, abyste jim mohli &#269;elit. P&#345;ipravujte aktivity, p&#345;i nich&#382; podpo&#345;&iacute;te diskuzi o v&yacute;skytu stereotyp&#367; a genderov&yacute;ch rol&iacute; v seri&aacute;lech, filmech nebo p&iacute;sni&#269;k&aacute;ch, kter&eacute; mohou d&#283;ti zn&aacute;t.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vyu&#382;ijte hry jako z&aacute;klad pro v&yacute;uku rovnosti: podporujte takov&eacute; hry, do kter&yacute;ch nezasahuje maskulinn&iacute; ani femininn&iacute; role. Vytv&aacute;&#345;ejte sm&iacute;&scaron;en&eacute; t&yacute;my, pokud si to dan&aacute; aktivita vy&#382;aduje, rozd&#283;lujte studuj&iacute;c&iacute; tak, aby se d&iacute;vky a chlapci nau&#269;ili pracovat spole&#269;n&#283; jako rovn&iacute; s rovn&yacute;mi.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organizujte semin&aacute;&#345;e s rodi&#269;i studuj&iacute;c&iacute;ch, zam&#283;&#345;ujte se p&#345;i nich na problematiku sexistick&yacute;ch p&#345;edsudk&#367; a stereotyp&#367; a tak&eacute; na d&#367;le&#382;itost jejich p&#345;ekon&aacute;n&iacute;, chceme-li dos&aacute;hnout skute&#269;n&eacute; rovnosti mezi mu&#382;i a &#382;enami.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>9.3.4. REFERENCE<\/h3><p>Arce, M. L. (1995). El proceso de socializaci&oacute;n y los roles en la familia. En: Teor&iacute;a y metodolog&iacute;a para la intervenci&oacute;n en familias. San Jos&eacute;: Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, 32-35.<\/p><p>Bassi, M., D&iacute;az, M., Blumberg, R.L. et al. (2018). Failing to notice? Uneven teachers&rsquo; attention to boys and girls in the classroom. IZA J Labor Econ 7, 9. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40172-018-0069-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40172-018-0069-4<\/a><\/p><p>Carlson, D. L., &amp; Knoester, C. (2011). Family structure and the intergenerational transmission of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> ideology. Journal of Family Issues, 32(5), 709&ndash;734. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192513x10396662\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192513&times;10396662<\/a><\/p><p>Cherney, I. D., &amp; London, K. (2006). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a>-linked differences in the toys, television shows, computer games, and outdoor activities of 5- to 13-year-old children. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 54(9-10), 717&ndash;726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-006-9037-8<\/p><p>Davis, S. N. (2007). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> ideology construction from adolescence to young adulthood. Social Science Research, 36(3), 1021&ndash;1041. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2006\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2006<\/a><\/p><p>Durkin, K., &amp; Nugent, B. (1998). Kindergarten Children&rsquo;s <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a>-Role Expectations for Television Actors. Sex Roles 38, 387&ndash;402. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1018705805012\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1018705805012<\/a><\/p><p>Galambos, N. (2013). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> Role Development in Adolescence. 10.1002\/9780471726746.ch8.<\/p><p>Galambos, N. L. (2004). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> role development in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner &amp; L. Steinberg (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;EDs&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Poruchy p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/eds\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Eds<\/a>.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 233&ndash;262). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.)<\/p><p>Gonz&aacute;lez-Anleo, J. M., Cort&eacute;s del Rosario, M., &amp; Garcel&aacute;n, D. (2018). Roles y estereotipos de g&eacute;nero en publicidad infantil: &iquest;Qu&eacute; ha cambiado en las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas? <em>Revista Internacional de Investigaci&oacute;n en Comunicaci&oacute;n, 18<\/em>, 80-99. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7263\/adresic-018-05\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7263\/adresic-018-05<\/a><\/p><p>Halimi, M., Davis, S. N. &amp; Consuegra, E. (2021). The Power of Peers? Early Adolescent <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> Typicality, Peer Relations, and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> Role Attitudes in Belgium. <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> Issues, 38<\/em>, 210&ndash;237. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12147-020-09262-3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12147-020-09262-3<\/a><\/p><p>Halpern, H. P., &amp; Perry-Jenkins, M. (2016). Parents&rsquo; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> Ideology and Gendered Behaviour as Predictors of Children&rsquo;s <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a>-Role Attitudes: A Longitudinal Exploration. <em>Sex Roles, 74<\/em>, 527&ndash;542. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-015-0539-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-015-0539-0<\/a><\/p><p>Hanish, L. D., &amp; Fabes, R. A. (2014). Peer socialization of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> in young boys and girls. In: Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Peters RDeV, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;EDs&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Poruchy p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/eds\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>eds<\/a>. Martin CL, topic ed. Encyclopaedia on Early Childhood Development. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/gender-early-socialization\/according-experts\/peer-socialization-gender-young-boys-and-girls\">https:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/gender-early-socialization\/according-experts\/peer-socialization-gender-young-boys-and-girls<\/a><\/p><p>Ju&aacute;rez-Rodr&iacute;guez, J. (2020). Los roles de g&eacute;nero en la m&uacute;sica infantil de la plataforma digital YouTube. Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicaci&oacute;n e Informaci&oacute;n, 25(1), 19-37. doi: <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.35742\/rcci.2020.25(1).19-37\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.35742\/rcci.2020.25(1).19-37<\/a><\/p><p>K&aring;gesten, A., Gibbs, S., Blum, R. W. M., Moreau, C., Chandra-Mouli, V., &amp; Herbert, A. (2016). Understanding factors that shape <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> attitudes in early adolescence globally: A mixed-methods systematic review. <em>PLoS ONE, 11(6<\/em>), e0157805. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0157805\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0157805<\/a><\/p><p>Klass, P. (2018). Juguetes para romper los estereotipos de g&eacute;nero. The New York Times.<\/p><p>Langford, T., &amp; Mackinnon, N. J. (2000). The affective bases for the gendering of traits: Comparing the United States and Canada. <em>Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(1<\/em>), 34&ndash;48. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2695879\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2695879<\/a><\/p><p>McCabe, J., Fairchild, E., Grauerholz, L., Pescosolido, B. A., &amp; Tope, D. (2011). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> in Twentieth-Century Children&rsquo;s Books: Patterns of Disparity in Titles and Central Characters. <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. 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Sex segregation in friendships and normative contexts across the life span. <em>Developmental Review, 29(3<\/em>), 201&ndash;220. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2009.06.001\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2009.06.001<\/a>.<\/p><p>Pastor, R. (2000). Aspectos psicosociales de la asimetr&iacute;a gen&eacute;rica: rupturas, cambios y posibilidades. En Fern&aacute;ndez, J. (2000). Intervenci&oacute;n en los &Aacute;mbitos de la Sexolog&iacute;a y de la Generolog&iacute;a. (pp. 217-242). Madrid: Pir&aacute;mide.<\/p><p>Sadker M, &amp; Sadker D (1985). Sexism in the schoolroom of the Eighties. Reprinted in The World. Reprinted in Annual Editions: Education 1986-87, 87-88, 88-89, (Dushkin Press). Psychol Today. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sadker.org\/CV3.html\">https:\/\/www.sadker.org\/CV3.html<\/a><\/p><p>Sald&iacute;var, A., D&iacute;az, R., Reyes, N. E., Armenta, C., L&oacute;pez, F., Moreno, M., Romero, A., Hern&aacute;ndez J, E., &amp; Dom&iacute;nguez, M. (2015). Roles de G&eacute;nero y Diversidad: Validaci&oacute;n de una Escala en Varios Contextos Culturales. <em>Acta de Investigaci&oacute;n Psicol&oacute;gica, 5<\/em>, 2124-2147. DOI: 10.1016\/S2007-4719(16)30005-9<\/p><p>Tong, R (2012). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> Roles in Ruth Chadwick (Ed), Encyclopedia of appied Ethics 2nd edition. Charlotte, USA: Elsevier.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; stereotypy&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;jsou to p&#345;edpoklady o tom, jac&iacute; jsou obvykle mu&#382;i a &#382;eny, nebo jak by se &#382;eny a mu&#382;i m&#283;li chovat, aby byli &amp;quot;spr&aacute;vn&yacute;mi&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-stereotypy\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Genderov&eacute; stereotypy<\/a> a role se skl&aacute;daj&iacute; z p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;en&iacute; a o&#269;ek&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; spole&#269;nosti o vlastnostech, schopnostech nebo funkc&iacute;ch, kter&eacute; jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za femininn&iacute; nebo maskulinn&iacute;. Na d&#283;ti se p&#345;en&aacute;&scaron;ej&iacute; b&#283;hem procesu socializace, kter&aacute; prob&iacute;h&aacute; v rodin&#283;, ve &scaron;kole, v interakci s vrstevn&iacute;ky a s m&eacute;dii. V mnoha p&#345;&iacute;padech <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; role&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a &#269;innosti, kter&eacute; p&#345;isuzujeme lidem na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich biologick&eacute;ho pohlav&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-role\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&eacute; role<\/a> a stereotypy reaguj&iacute; na nev&#283;dom&eacute; p&#345;edsudky a [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":10086,"menu_order":30,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-9512","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/9512","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9512"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/9512\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=9512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}