{"id":9457,"date":"2023-04-04T17:41:01","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T17:41:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/4-violence-6359\/4-1-bullying-6486\/"},"modified":"2023-05-06T14:52:39","modified_gmt":"2023-05-06T14:52:39","slug":"4-1-bullying-6486","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/4-violence-6359\/4-1-bullying-6486\/","title":{"rendered":"4.1. \u0160IKANA"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9457\" class=\"elementor elementor-9457 elementor-6486\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-18156cd9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"18156cd9\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4fd5d245\" data-id=\"4fd5d245\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5b52b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c5b52b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_kid_marginalized_in_class_cartoon_aesthetic_074f143f-a568-4f9e-8879-a3c23b75c935_1-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9355\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_kid_marginalized_in_class_cartoon_aesthetic_074f143f-a568-4f9e-8879-a3c23b75c935_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_kid_marginalized_in_class_cartoon_aesthetic_074f143f-a568-4f9e-8879-a3c23b75c935_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_kid_marginalized_in_class_cartoon_aesthetic_074f143f-a568-4f9e-8879-a3c23b75c935_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_kid_marginalized_in_class_cartoon_aesthetic_074f143f-a568-4f9e-8879-a3c23b75c935_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_kid_marginalized_in_class_cartoon_aesthetic_074f143f-a568-4f9e-8879-a3c23b75c935_1-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_kid_marginalized_in_class_cartoon_aesthetic_074f143f-a568-4f9e-8879-a3c23b75c935_1.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2fb8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fa2fb8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f155d30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f155d30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana je skupinov&yacute; jev. K &scaron;ikan&#283; doch&aacute;z&iacute; ve skupin&#283; (a v jej&iacute;m okol&iacute;), ve kter&eacute; maj&iacute; jednotliv&iacute; lid&eacute; r&#367;zn&eacute; a r&#367;zn&#283; viditeln&eacute; role (ob&#283;&#357;, agresor\/ka, p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute;, zast&aacute;nce\/zast&aacute;nkyn&#283;).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana je systematick&aacute;. &#268;innosti se opakuj&iacute; nebo jsou sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; ur&#269;it&eacute;ho vzorce, kter&yacute; se odehr&aacute;v&aacute; b&#283;hem del&scaron;&iacute;ho obdob&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana je z&aacute;m&#283;rn&aacute;. &#268;innosti jsou v&#283;dom&#283; uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;ny tak, aby po&scaron;kodily ob&#283;&#357;. Nejedn&aacute; se o ojedin&#283;l&eacute; p&#345;&iacute;pady, kter&eacute; se objevuj&iacute; spont&aacute;nn&#283;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana zahrnuje nerovn&eacute; mocensk&eacute; postaven&iacute;. P&#345;edpokladem &scaron;ikany je situace, kdy mocensk&eacute; vztahy nejsou vyv&aacute;&#382;en&eacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t viditeln&aacute; nebo skryt&aacute;. Na jedn&eacute; stran&#283; m&#367;&#382;e &scaron;ikana zahrnovat provokov&aacute;n&iacute; nebo <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Fyzick&eacute; n&aacute;sil&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jak&yacute;koli &#269;in, kter&yacute; zp&#367;sob&iacute; fyzickou &uacute;jmu sou&#269;asn&eacute;mu nebo b&yacute;val&eacute;mu partnerovi v d&#367;sledku nez&aacute;konn&eacute;ho fyzick&eacute;ho n&aacute;sil&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/fyzicke-nasili\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">fyzick&eacute; n&aacute;sil&iacute;<\/a>. Na druh&eacute; stran&#283; m&#367;&#382;e prob&iacute;hat skryt&#283;, jedn&aacute; se nap&#345;. o ignorov&aacute;n&iacute;, vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; z kolektivu (ostrakizac&iacute;) nebo &scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&iacute; pomluvy. Takovou &scaron;ikanu je obt&iacute;&#382;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; odhalit.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K &scaron;ikan&#283; doch&aacute;z&iacute; v prost&#345;ed&iacute;, kter&eacute; akt&eacute;&#345;i\/akt&eacute;rky nemohou opustit. Takov&yacute;m prost&#345;ed&iacute;m je nap&#345;&iacute;klad &scaron;kolka nebo &scaron;kola, kter&eacute; jsou pro v&#283;t&scaron;inu d&#283;t&iacute; povinn&eacute; nebo tak&eacute; volno&#269;asov&eacute; aktivity, kter&eacute; d&iacute;t&#283; vn&iacute;m&aacute; jako povinn&eacute;.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d1dc757 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d1dc757\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>4.1.1.<strong> &Uacute;VOD<\/strong><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#268;lov&#283;k pot&#345;ebuje po sv&eacute;m boku dobr&eacute; p&#345;&aacute;tele a tou&#382;&iacute; pat&#345;it do n&#283;jak&eacute; skupiny nebo party, aby mohl rozv&iacute;jet svou identitu, r&#367;st, c&iacute;tit se bezpe&#269;n&#283; a nach&aacute;zet smysl sv&eacute;ho osobn&iacute;ho &#382;ivota. Pro ka&#382;d&eacute;ho &#269;lov&#283;ka je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; m&iacute;t ve sv&eacute; bl&iacute;zkosti n&#283;koho, s k&yacute;m m&#367;&#382;e sd&iacute;let sv&eacute; radosti, kdo ho dok&aacute;&#382;e ut&#283;&scaron;it v t&#283;&#382;k&yacute;ch chv&iacute;l&iacute;ch, a d&iacute;ky n&#283;mu&#382; se m&#367;&#382;eme c&iacute;tit cen&#283;ni. V komunit&aacute;ch se lid&eacute; u&#269;&iacute;, jak spolu vych&aacute;zet, a pr&aacute;v&#283; ve vrstevnick&yacute;ch skupin&aacute;ch z&iacute;sk&aacute;vaj&iacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute; dovednosti nezbytn&eacute; pro &uacute;sp&#283;&scaron;n&yacute; &#382;ivot. Nen&iacute; nic hor&scaron;&iacute;ho ne&#382; soci&aacute;ln&iacute; vylou&#269;en&iacute; a necht&#283;n&aacute; samota doma, ve &scaron;kole, v z&aacute;jmov&eacute;m krou&#382;ku nebo ve spole&#269;nosti obecn&#283; (Knoop et al., 2017).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kdy&#382; &#269;lov&#283;k za&#269;ne pochybovat o tom, kam pat&#345;&iacute; nebo zda v&#367;bec n&#283;kam pat&#345;&iacute;, m&#367;&#382;e to vyvolat nep&#345;&iacute;jemn&eacute; pocity, proto&#382;e vlastn&iacute; existenci vn&iacute;m&aacute; jako ohro&#382;enou. Pocit soun&aacute;le&#382;itosti d&#283;t&iacute; m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t zneji&scaron;t&#283;n, pokud jsou skupiny, ve kter&yacute;ch se pohybuj&iacute;, sp&iacute;&scaron;e netolerantn&iacute;. D&#283;ti mohou za&#382;&iacute;vat nestabilitu, i kdy&#382; se ve d&#345;&iacute;ve stabiln&iacute;m &#382;ivot&#283; za&#269;nou odehr&aacute;vat ru&scaron;iv&eacute; zm&#283;ny, nap&#345;&iacute;klad kdy&#382; onemocn&iacute; nebo odejde obl&iacute;ben&aacute; u&#269;itelka. Rovnov&aacute;hu m&#367;&#382;e naru&scaron;it i p&#345;&iacute;chod nov&yacute;ch d&#283;t&iacute; do t&#345;&iacute;dy.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jednou z mo&#382;nost&iacute;, jak zm&iacute;rnit nep&#345;&iacute;jemn&eacute; pocity, m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t nalezen&iacute; nov&eacute;ho zp&#367;sobu vytv&aacute;&#345;en&iacute; pocitu jistoty, nap&#345;&iacute;klad vytvo&#345;en&iacute;m nov&eacute; party, jej&iacute;m&#382; hlavn&iacute;m c&iacute;lem a &uacute;&#269;elem je n&#283;koho <\/span><b>&scaron;ikanovat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Jin&yacute;mi slovy, &scaron;ikanu lze interpretovat jako projev strachu z osam&#283;losti a jako zp&#367;sob vytvo&#345;en&iacute; nov&eacute; party, kdy&#382; neexistuj&iacute; &#382;&aacute;dn&eacute; pozitivn&iacute; aktivity, kter&eacute; by bylo mo&#382;n&eacute; sd&iacute;let jako spole&#269;n&yacute; z&aacute;jem (Rab&oslash;l Hansen, 2016).<\/span><\/p><h3>4.1.2.<strong> ROZVOJ T&Eacute;MATU<\/strong><\/h3><h4><strong>4.1.2.1. Definice &scaron;ikany<br><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pro prevenci &scaron;ikany a jej&iacute; &uacute;sp&#283;&scaron;n&eacute; &#345;e&scaron;en&iacute; je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; m&iacute;t jej&iacute; jasnou definici. To je v&scaron;ak obt&iacute;&#382;n&eacute;, proto&#382;e nepanuje shoda na p&#345;esn&eacute; a v&scaron;eobsahuj&iacute;c&iacute; definici &scaron;ikany. Norsk&yacute; v&yacute;zkumn&iacute;k Dan Olweus, kter&yacute; za&#269;&iacute;nal s ran&yacute;m v&yacute;zkumem &scaron;ikany, prov&aacute;d&#283;l v&yacute;zkum souvisej&iacute;c&iacute; se &scaron;ikanou po mnoho let. Jeho definice &scaron;ikany je dodnes st&#283;&#382;ejn&iacute;. V roce 1978 Olweus definoval &scaron;ikanu jako opakovan&eacute; pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; psychick&eacute;ho a fyzick&eacute;ho <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;N&aacute;sil&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o z&aacute;va&#382;n&eacute; poru&scaron;en&iacute; lidsk&yacute;ch pr&aacute;v, kter&eacute; omezuje pr&aacute;vo lid&iacute; na &#382;ivot, svobodu, bezpe&#269;nost, d&#367;stojnost, du&scaron;evn&iacute; a t&#283;lesnou integritu a nediskriminaci.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nasili\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">n&aacute;sil&iacute;<\/a> v&#367;&#269;i &#269;lov&#283;ku, a to jak samostatn&#283;, tak ve skupin&#283;. Pozd&#283;ji tuto definici roz&scaron;&iacute;&#345;il o to, &#382;e ob&#283;t&iacute; je obvykle osoba, kter&aacute; je bu&#271; fyzicky, nebo psychicky slab&scaron;&iacute;, a chov&aacute;n&iacute; projevovan&eacute; v&#367;&#269;i t&eacute;to ob&#283;ti j&iacute; zp&#367;sobuje dlouhodob&yacute; stres (Olweus, 2013). Tak&eacute; dal&scaron;&iacute; v&yacute;zkumn&iacute;ci a v&yacute;zkumnice potvrzuj&iacute;, &#382;e &scaron;ikana je opakuj&iacute;c&iacute; se a syst&eacute;mov&aacute; &#269;innost a &#382;e &scaron;ikan&oacute;zn&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; lze rozpoznat pouze tehdy, pokud se jeho znaky vyskytuj&iacute; &#269;asto (Pellegrini, 2002; Smith, Madsen a Moody, 1999).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V posledn&iacute;ch letech se obraz &scaron;ikany v r&aacute;mci ve&#345;ejnosti m&#283;n&iacute;. U&#382; nen&iacute; zkoum&aacute;na jako izolovan&yacute; probl&eacute;m, ale jako soci&aacute;ln&iacute;, kulturn&iacute; a vztahov&yacute; fenom&eacute;n. P&#345;ed lety byli vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute; i rodi&#269;e zvykl&iacute; pova&#382;ovat &scaron;ikanu za probl&eacute;m souvisej&iacute;c&iacute; s vlastnostmi jednotliv&yacute;ch d&#283;t&iacute; a vysv&#283;tlovali situaci tvrzen&iacute;mi jako nap&#345;: &bdquo;kdy&#382; on opravdu zrovna dvakr&aacute;t nevon&iacute;&rdquo;, &bdquo;je n&#283;jak&aacute; p&#345;ecitliv&#283;l&aacute;&rdquo; a &bdquo;kdybyste vid&#283;li jejich otce, pochopili byste pro&#269; to d&#283;laj&iacute;&rdquo;. Dnes by takov&aacute; vysv&#283;tlen&iacute; m&#283;la b&yacute;t d&#367;vodem k obav&aacute;m. &Scaron;ikanu nelze ospravedl&#328;ovat.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D&iacute;ky velk&eacute;mu mno&#382;stv&iacute; v&yacute;zkum&#367; u&#382; dnes pom&#283;rn&#283; jist&#283; v&iacute;me, &#382;e &scaron;ikana je skupinov&yacute; jev a je probl&eacute;mem dynamiky t&#345;&iacute;dn&iacute;ho kolektivu. Je tedy siln&#283; v&aacute;z&aacute;na na kontext, ve kter&eacute;m se odehr&aacute;v&aacute;. To je v protikladu v&#367;&#269;i d&#345;&iacute;v&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;mu ch&aacute;p&aacute;n&iacute; &scaron;ikany, kter&eacute; se zam&#283;&#345;ovalo na vlastnosti jednotliv&yacute;ch z&uacute;&#269;astn&#283;n&yacute;ch osob. Pozornost proto mus&iacute;me v&#283;novat v&scaron;em z&uacute;&#269;astn&#283;n&yacute;m stran&aacute;m a zp&#367;sobu, jak&yacute;m spole&#269;n&#283; tr&aacute;v&iacute; &#269;as. Pro lep&scaron;&iacute; zvl&aacute;dnut&iacute; (prevenci i &#345;e&scaron;en&iacute;) &scaron;ikany je t&#345;eba v&#283;novat pozornost chov&aacute;n&iacute;, t&#345;&iacute;dn&iacute;m norm&aacute;m a zp&#367;sobu, jak&yacute;m spolu d&#283;ti komunikuj&iacute;, nikoliv jednotliv&yacute;m d&#283;tem (Kofoed &amp; S&oslash;ndergaard, 2009). Tento p&#345;&iacute;stup podporuje i v&yacute;zkum proveden&yacute; v Austr&aacute;lii, jeho&#382; v&yacute;sledky ukazuj&iacute;, &#382;e pro &uacute;&#269;inn&eacute; zvl&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute; &scaron;ikany je t&#345;eba zam&#283;&#345;it se na skupinovou dynamiku a hodnoty. Je z&aacute;sadn&iacute; podporovat p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute; k aktivn&iacute; &uacute;&#269;asti na zastaven&iacute; &scaron;ikany &ndash; nap&#345;. zast&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; se ob&#283;t&iacute; nebo &#345;&iacute;k&aacute;n&iacute; si o pomoc dosp&#283;l&yacute;m (McGrath &amp; Noble, 2006).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Z&aacute;v&#283;rem lze shrnout, &#382;e v sou&#269;asn&eacute; dob&#283; definujeme &scaron;ikanu takto: <\/span><b>&Scaron;ikana je systematick&eacute; a &uacute;mysln&eacute; ubli&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; nebo zneuzn&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; konkr&eacute;tn&iacute; osoby, a to ve skupin&#283;, kterou tato osoba nem&#367;&#382;e snadno opustit, tedy v situaci, kterou dan&aacute; osoba nem&#367;&#382;e snadno zm&#283;nit nebo ovlivnit a je pro ni obt&iacute;&#382;n&eacute; se v dan&eacute; situaci br&aacute;nit. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pod&iacute;vejme se na chv&iacute;li na jednotliv&eacute; charakteristiky &scaron;ikany a podrobn&#283;ji je popi&scaron;me.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana je <\/span><b>skupinov&yacute; jev<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. K &scaron;ikan&#283; doch&aacute;z&iacute; ve skupin&#283;, kde maj&iacute; z&uacute;&#269;astn&#283;n&iacute; rozdan&eacute;, by&#357; r&#367;zn&#283; viditeln&eacute; &#269;i pojmenovan&eacute;, role (ob&#283;&#357;, agresor\/ka, sv&#283;dek\/sv&#283;dkyn&#283;, zast&aacute;nce\/zast&aacute;nkyn&#283;).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana je <\/span><b>systematick&aacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. &#268;innosti se opakuj&iacute; nebo jsou sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; ur&#269;it&eacute;ho vzorce, kter&yacute; se odehr&aacute;v&aacute; b&#283;hem del&scaron;&iacute;ho &#269;asov&eacute;ho obdob&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana je <\/span><b>z&aacute;m&#283;rn&aacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. &#268;innosti jsou v&#283;dom&#283; uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;ny tak, aby se ob&#283;&#357; c&iacute;tila &scaron;patn&#283;. Nejedn&aacute; se o ojedin&#283;l&eacute; p&#345;&iacute;pady, kter&eacute; se objevuj&iacute; spont&aacute;nn&#283;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana zahrnuje <\/span><b>nerovn&eacute; mocensk&eacute; postaven&iacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. P&#345;edpokladem &scaron;ikany je situace, kdy mocensk&eacute; vztahy nejsou vyv&aacute;&#382;en&eacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t <\/span><b>viditeln&aacute; nebo skryt&aacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Na jedn&eacute; stran&#283; m&#367;&#382;e &scaron;ikana zahrnovat &bdquo;po&scaron;&#357;uchov&aacute;n&iacute;&rdquo; nebo <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Fyzick&eacute; n&aacute;sil&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jak&yacute;koli &#269;in, kter&yacute; zp&#367;sob&iacute; fyzickou &uacute;jmu sou&#269;asn&eacute;mu nebo b&yacute;val&eacute;mu partnerovi v d&#367;sledku nez&aacute;konn&eacute;ho fyzick&eacute;ho n&aacute;sil&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/fyzicke-nasili\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">fyzick&eacute; n&aacute;sil&iacute;<\/a>. Na druh&eacute; stran&#283; m&#367;&#382;e prob&iacute;hat skryt&#283;, nap&#345;. t&iacute;m, &#382;e je ob&#283;&#357; ignorov&aacute;na, vylu&#269;ov&aacute;na z kolektivu nebo jsou o n&iacute; &scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&eacute; pomluvy. Kv&#367;li tomu je pak &scaron;ikanu obt&iacute;&#382;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; odhalit.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K &scaron;ikan&#283; doch&aacute;z&iacute; v soci&aacute;ln&iacute; situaci, kterou <\/span><b>d&iacute;t&#283; nebo dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; nen&iacute; schopen opustit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Takovou soci&aacute;ln&iacute; situac&iacute; m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t nap&#345;&iacute;klad &scaron;kolka nebo &scaron;kola, kde je d&iacute;t&#283; nuceno b&yacute;t p&#345;&iacute;tomno nebo volno&#269;asov&aacute; aktivita, kterou d&iacute;t&#283; poci&#357;uje jako povinnou.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>4.1.2.2. Druhy &scaron;ikany<\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana m&aacute; mnoho r&#367;zn&yacute;ch forem. Jednotliv&eacute; formy se mohou prom&#283;&#328;ovat i s m&#283;n&iacute;c&iacute; se v&#283;kovou skupinou, ale podstata a d&#367;sledky jedn&aacute;n&iacute; z&#367;st&aacute;vaj&iacute; stejn&eacute; &ndash; &uacute;mysln&eacute; zp&#367;soben&iacute; &uacute;jmy druh&eacute; osob&#283; je znakem, kter&yacute; nez&aacute;vis&iacute; na typu &scaron;ikany. &Scaron;ikana se d&#283;l&iacute; do n&aacute;sleduj&iacute;c&iacute;ch kategori&iacute;:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Slovn&iacute;: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">posm&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; se, zesm&#283;&scaron;&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute;, vyhro&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute;, zastra&scaron;ov&aacute;n&iacute; atd.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fyzick&eacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: bit&iacute;, strk&aacute;n&iacute;, blokov&aacute;n&iacute; cesty, br&aacute;n&#283;n&iacute; v &#269;innosti, schov&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; v&#283;c&iacute; atd.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Soci&aacute;ln&iacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: vylou&#269;en&iacute; ze skupiny nebo skupinov&yacute;ch akc&iacute;, odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute;, &uacute;&scaron;klebky, ignorov&aacute;n&iacute;, &scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&iacute; pomluv, nep&#345;&aacute;telsk&aacute; &#345;e&#269; t&#283;la atd.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Kyber&scaron;ikana&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Nep&#345;&iacute;jemn&eacute; p&#345;&iacute;sp&#283;vky na internetu, nahr&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; fotografi&iacute; bez povolen&iacute;, fale&scaron;n&eacute; &uacute;&#269;ty nebo kr&aacute;de&#382;e &uacute;&#269;t&#367;, vyhro&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; a posm&#283;&scaron;ky prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m SMS &#269;i na soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch s&iacute;t&iacute;ch.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/kybersikana\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Kyber&scaron;ikana<\/a><\/b><span>: nevhodn&eacute; p&#345;&iacute;sp&#283;vky na internetu, nahr&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; fotografi&iacute; bez povolen&iacute;, fale&scaron;n&eacute; &uacute;&#269;ty nebo kr&aacute;de&#382;e &uacute;&#269;t&#367;, vyhro&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; a ur&aacute;&#382;en&iacute; prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m SMS a na soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch s&iacute;t&iacute;ch.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h4><strong>4.1.2.3. Role u &scaron;ikany<\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D&aacute;nsk&yacute; v&yacute;zkumn&yacute; t&yacute;m Exploring Bullying in Schools (eXbus) (Danish School of Education (DPU), Aarhus University, n.d.) p&#345;istupuje k &scaron;ikan&#283; jako ke skupinov&eacute;mu jevu, kde maj&iacute; v&scaron;echny d&#283;ti ve skupin&#283; konkr&eacute;tn&iacute; role &ndash; nejen ob&#283;&#357; a agresor\/ka. &Scaron;ikany se ur&#269;it&yacute;m zp&#367;sobem &uacute;&#269;astn&iacute; v&scaron;ichni v dan&eacute; skupin&#283;, ale velk&aacute; &#269;&aacute;st z&uacute;&#269;astn&#283;n&yacute;ch z&#367;st&aacute;v&aacute; v pozici pasivn&iacute;ch p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute;ch. Ve skupin&#283;, ve kter&eacute; prob&iacute;h&aacute; &scaron;ikana, se objevuje mnoho rol&iacute;. V jak&eacute; roli se osoby ocitnou, z&aacute;vis&iacute; na tom, jak&eacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute; vazby (vztahy) dan&eacute; osoby maj&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N&aacute;sleduje seznam r&#367;zn&yacute;ch rol&iacute; (Danish School of Education (DPU), Aarhus University, n.d.):<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ob&#283;&#357;: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d&iacute;t&#283;, kter&eacute; je &scaron;ikanov&aacute;no.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Agresor\/ka: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d&iacute;t&#283;, kter&eacute; si vyb&iacute;r&aacute; ob&#283;&#357; a za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; ji &scaron;ikanovat.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Agresor\/ka-ob&#283;&#357;: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d&iacute;t&#283;, kter&eacute; je &scaron;ikanov&aacute;no, ale z&aacute;rove&#328; &scaron;ikanuje ostatn&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Spolupachatel\/ka: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d&iacute;t&#283;, kter&eacute; spolupracuje s agresorem\/agresorkou a podporuje &#269;i povzbuzuje ho\/ji (nap&#345;&iacute;klad t&iacute;m, &#382;e se sm&#283;je nebo ho\/ji popl&aacute;c&aacute; po rameni).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pasivn&iacute; p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute;: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d&iacute;t&#283;, kter&eacute; je sv&#283;dkem\/sv&#283;dkyn&iacute; &scaron;ikany, ale z&#367;st&aacute;v&aacute; stranou a nezasahuje do d&#283;n&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Zast&aacute;nce\/zast&aacute;nkyn&#283;: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d&iacute;t&#283;, kter&eacute; dok&aacute;&#382;e p&#345;ekonat sv&#367;j strach a aktivn&#283; zas&aacute;hne, aby &scaron;ikanu zastavilo.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V kolektivu zasa&#382;en&eacute;m &scaron;ikanou mohou jednotliv&eacute; d&#283;ti &#269;i dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; hr&aacute;t mnoho r&#367;zn&yacute;ch rol&iacute;, kter&eacute; se m&#283;n&iacute; v z&aacute;vislosti na &#269;ase a konkr&eacute;tn&iacute; situaci. Nen&iacute; tedy vhodn&eacute; d&#283;lat rychl&eacute; soudy a pova&#382;ovat je hned bu&#271; za agresory\/agresorky, nebo za pouh&eacute; p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute;. To potvrzuje i skute&#269;nost, &#382;e t&#345;etina &scaron;ikanuj&iacute;c&iacute;ch m&#367;&#382;e skon&#269;it jako ob&#283;&#357; &scaron;ikany. Takov&aacute; situace odpov&iacute;d&aacute; roli &bdquo;agresor\/ka-ob&#283;&#357;&rdquo; ( viz v&yacute;&scaron;e). V&yacute;zkumn&iacute;ci\/v&yacute;zkumnice se domn&iacute;vaj&iacute;, &#382;e d&#283;ti p&#345;ij&iacute;maj&iacute; r&#367;zn&eacute; role kv&#367;li sv&eacute; pot&#345;eb&#283; uniknout poni&#382;uj&iacute;c&iacute; roli ob&#283;ti, a t&iacute;m p&aacute;dem si vyb&iacute;jej&iacute; svou bolest na druh&yacute;ch skrze jejich &scaron;ikanov&aacute;n&iacute; (Rab&oslash;l Hansen, 2016). Pozitivn&iacute;, p&#345;&iacute;kladem zm&#283;ny rol&iacute; je, &#382;e se z pasivn&iacute;ch p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute;ch stanou zast&aacute;nci\/zast&aacute;nkyn&#283;, kte&#345;&iacute; souc&iacute;t&iacute; s ob&#283;t&iacute; a dok&aacute;&#382;ou zas&aacute;hnout a zastat se j&iacute;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosp&#283;l&iacute; proto nemohou d&#283;tem p&#345;isuzovat konkr&eacute;tn&iacute; role ani p&#345;edpokl&aacute;dat, &#382;e d&#283;ti budou v&#382;dy reagovat ur&#269;it&yacute;m zp&#367;sobem. To by ve skupin&#283; d&#283;t&iacute; mohlo jen pos&iacute;lit negativn&iacute; vzorce chov&aacute;n&iacute; a vz&iacute;t d&#283;tem p&#345;&iacute;le&#382;itost uk&aacute;zat jinou str&aacute;nku sebe sama. Povinnost&iacute; vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute;ch a rodi&#269;&#367; je v&#382;dy d&iacute;t&#283; podpo&#345;it, ale nikdy ne podporovat &scaron;ikanu. Pokud nikdo nezas&aacute;hne nebo neukon&#269;&iacute; &scaron;ikanu, vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; to dojem, &#382;e se jedn&aacute; o povolenou &#269;innost, a &scaron;ikana se tak normalizuje. Pasivn&iacute; p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute; se pak mohou v budoucnu sami st&aacute;t agresory\/agresorkami.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>4.1.2.4. Pasivn&iacute; p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute; musej&iacute; zas&aacute;hnout<\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V&#283;t&scaron;ina d&#283;t&iacute; ve skupin&aacute;ch, ve kter&yacute;ch doch&aacute;z&iacute; k &scaron;ikan&#283;, zast&aacute;v&aacute; roli p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute;ch. Ch&aacute;pou, co se d&#283;je, ale nijak proti tomu nezasahuj&iacute;. Proto&#382;e takov&eacute; d&#283;ti v&#283;d&iacute; l&eacute;pe ne&#382; dosp&#283;l&iacute;, co se v d&#283;tsk&eacute;m kolektivu odehr&aacute;v&aacute;, jsou d&#367;le&#382;it&yacute;m p&#345;&iacute;nosem v r&aacute;mci &scaron;et&#345;en&iacute; a n&aacute;sledn&eacute;m &#345;e&scaron;en&iacute; &scaron;ikany. Pokud p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute; &ndash; mezi n&#283;&#382; mohou pat&#345;it i vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute; a rodi&#269;e &ndash; v p&#345;&iacute;padech &scaron;ikany nezas&aacute;hnou, mohou to ob&#283;ti vn&iacute;mat jako schvalov&aacute;n&iacute; toho, co se d&#283;je. Ob&#283;ti tak nabydou dojmu, &#382;e se cel&aacute; skupina skl&aacute;d&aacute; z agresor&#367; &#269;i agresorek, proto&#382;e se jich nikdo nezastane. Jin&yacute;mi slovy: i kdy&#382; se p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute; &scaron;ikany p&#345;&iacute;mo ne&uacute;&#269;astn&iacute; a up&#345;&iacute;mn&#283; se pova&#382;uj&iacute; za pouh&eacute; div&aacute;ky, jejich pasivn&iacute; postoj nazna&#269;uje, &#382;e &scaron;ikanu akceptuj&iacute;. Je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; ukon&#269;it pasivitu p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute;ch a povzbudit je, aby pom&aacute;hali kamar&aacute;d&#367;m &#269;i kamar&aacute;dk&aacute;m, kte&#345;&iacute; jsou ob&#283;&#357;mi &scaron;ikany. Podpora ze strany kamar&aacute;d&#367; je &#269;asto tou nejlep&scaron;&iacute; pomoc&iacute;, kter&eacute; se d&iacute;t&#283;ti m&#367;&#382;e dostat. Nav&iacute;c samy ob&#283;ti tvrd&iacute;, &#382;e p&#345;esn&#283; takovou pomoc o&#269;ek&aacute;vaj&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N&#283;kdy d&#283;ti p&#345;izn&aacute;vaj&iacute;, &#382;e necht&#283;j&iacute; &scaron;ikanu nahl&aacute;sit nebo &#345;&iacute;ct o&nbsp; n&iacute; dosp&#283;l&eacute;mu, i kdy&#382; jim to n&#283;kdo porad&iacute;. Proto je z&aacute;sadn&iacute;, abychom podporovali ty, kte&#345;&iacute; se druh&yacute;ch zast&aacute;vaj&iacute; a sv&yacute;m pozitivn&iacute;m a podp&#367;rn&yacute;m chov&aacute;n&iacute;m umo&#382;&#328;uj&iacute;, aby si ka&#382;d&eacute; d&iacute;t&#283; na&scaron;lo sv&eacute; m&iacute;sto v kolektivu. Je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; mluvit o tom, &#382;e nahl&aacute;&scaron;en&iacute; &scaron;ikany nen&iacute; &bdquo;bonzov&aacute;n&iacute;&rdquo;, ale postaven&iacute; se za sv&aacute; pr&aacute;va i pr&aacute;va ostatn&iacute;ch je vhodn&eacute; a p&#345;&iacute;nosn&eacute;.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>4.1.2.5. N&aacute;sledky &scaron;ikany<\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;ikana jako podskupina <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;N&aacute;sil&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o z&aacute;va&#382;n&eacute; poru&scaron;en&iacute; lidsk&yacute;ch pr&aacute;v, kter&eacute; omezuje pr&aacute;vo lid&iacute; na &#382;ivot, svobodu, bezpe&#269;nost, d&#367;stojnost, du&scaron;evn&iacute; a t&#283;lesnou integritu a nediskriminaci.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nasili\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">n&aacute;sil&iacute;<\/a> po&scaron;kozuje celou skupinu, proto&#382;e ovliv&#328;uje zdrav&yacute; v&yacute;voj a vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; norem v&scaron;ech z&uacute;&#269;astn&#283;n&yacute;ch. Proto je t&#345;eba p&#345;i prevenci &scaron;ikany nebo p&#345;i z&aacute;sahu do n&iacute; jednat s celou skupinou nebo t&#345;&iacute;dou spole&#269;n&#283;. N&aacute;sledky &scaron;ikany na z&uacute;&#269;astn&#283;n&eacute; strany mohou b&yacute;t n&aacute;sleduj&iacute;c&iacute;:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ob&#283;&#357;: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hn&#283;v, pocit osam&#283;losti, bolesti hlavy a &#382;aludku, stud a pocit viny, &scaron;patn&eacute; vzpom&iacute;nky na cel&yacute; &#382;ivot, n&iacute;zk&eacute; sebev&#283;dom&iacute;, pocit k&#345;ivdy, stres, zhor&scaron;en&iacute; studijn&iacute;ch v&yacute;sledk&#367;, deprese, sebepo&scaron;kozov&aacute;n&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Agresor\/ka: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rizikov&eacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute;, agresivita, kriminalita. <\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Zbytek skupiny: <\/b><span>stud a pocit viny, mor&aacute;ln&iacute; &uacute;padek, pasivita, strach, sn&iacute;&#382;en&iacute; wellbeingu, pocit nespravedlnosti, stres, zhor&scaron;en&iacute; studijn&iacute;ch v&yacute;sledk&#367;.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h4><strong>4.1.2.6. Ne v&scaron;echno je &scaron;ikana<\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pro vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute; i rodi&#269;e je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; si uv&#283;domit, &#382;e ne ka&#382;d&eacute; negativn&iacute; &#269;i agresivn&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; je &scaron;ikana. Hierarchie vznik&aacute; v ka&#382;d&eacute; skupin&#283;. N&#283;kdo se mus&iacute; ujmout veden&iacute; a d&aacute;t v&#283;ci do pohybu. Zat&iacute;mco n&#283;kdo d&aacute;v&aacute; p&#345;ednost vedouc&iacute; pozici, jin&yacute; se rad&#283;ji vyh&yacute;b&aacute; zauj&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; postoj&#367; a pova&#382;uje za dosta&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute; prost&#283; v&#283;d&#283;t, co se d&#283;je. Jako dosp&#283;l&iacute; si mus&iacute;me v&scaron;&iacute;mat, zda je hra nebo &#269;innost otev&#345;en&aacute; v&scaron;em d&#283;tem. Mus&iacute;me d&#283;ti nau&#269;it pozitivn&iacute;mu v&#367;d&#269;&iacute;mu chov&aacute;n&iacute;, aby mohly vzniknout hierarchie, ve kter&yacute;ch je m&iacute;sto pro v&scaron;echny. Nezapom&iacute;nejme tak&eacute;, &#382;e p&#345;&aacute;telsk&eacute; po&scaron;&#357;uchov&aacute;n&iacute; a drobn&eacute; konflikty je&scaron;t&#283; nejsou automaticky &scaron;ikanou.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;&aacute;telsk&eacute; &scaron;k&aacute;dlen&iacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k socializaci a ke vz&aacute;jemn&eacute;mu rozvoji z&aacute;bavnou formou. Je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; nau&#269;it d&#283;ti, kde je hranice z&aacute;bavy &ndash; nap&#345;&iacute;klad to, &#382;e je n&#283;co vtipn&eacute;, se ur&#269;uje podle pocitu a vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute;ho toho, na koho je legrace nam&iacute;&#345;ena. Je t&#345;eba jasn&#283; rozli&scaron;ovat mezi p&#345;&aacute;telsk&yacute;m &scaron;k&aacute;dlen&iacute;m z legrace a z&aacute;m&#283;rn&yacute;m posm&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;m se nebo &scaron;ikanou. Pokud je humor up&#345;&iacute;mn&yacute; a v&scaron;echny strany se skute&#269;n&#283; bav&iacute;, pak to d&#283;tem d&#283;l&aacute; radost. Pokud v&scaron;ak humorn&aacute; slova nakonec n&#283;kter&eacute; z d&#283;t&iacute; zran&iacute;, je t&#345;eba se okam&#382;it&#283; omluvit a v budoucnu se podobn&eacute;ho chov&aacute;n&iacute; vyvarovat. P&#345;&iacute;pady, kdy je d&iacute;t&#283; neust&aacute;le z&aacute;m&#283;rn&#283; &scaron;k&aacute;dleno a z n&#283;jak&eacute;ho d&#367;vodu se nem&#367;&#382;e br&aacute;nit, lze kvalifikovat jako &scaron;ikanu.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Konflikty jsou p&#345;irozenou sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; lidsk&eacute;ho v&yacute;voje a spole&#269;n&eacute; &#269;innosti a objevuje se ve v&scaron;ech skupin&aacute;ch. Norm&aacute;ln&iacute; konflikty se vyzna&#269;uj&iacute; vypjat&yacute;mi situacemi mezi lidmi nebo skupinami, kter&eacute; jsou rovnom&#283;rn&#283; vyv&aacute;&#382;eny, a nevznik&aacute; tak v&yacute;razn&aacute; mocensk&aacute; p&#345;evaha jedn&eacute; strany. Naproti tomu v p&#345;&iacute;padech &scaron;ikany nejsou pom&#283;ry sil vyv&aacute;&#382;en&eacute; a c&iacute;lem je konkr&eacute;tn&iacute; d&iacute;t&#283;. Podstatou konfliktu je st&#345;et z&aacute;jm&#367;. R&#367;zn&iacute; lid&eacute; cht&#283;j&iacute; r&#367;zn&eacute; v&#283;ci a situace m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t vyhrocen&aacute;, proto&#382;e do hry vstupuj&iacute; emoce. Konfliktem mohou b&yacute;t ojedin&#283;l&eacute; incidenty, kter&eacute; vyvolaly nep&#345;&iacute;jemn&eacute; pocity, a&#357; u&#382; prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m slovn&iacute; nebo dokonce fyzick&eacute; agrese. Konflikt se m&#367;&#382;e rychle zm&#283;nit v &scaron;ikanu, pokud dosp&#283;l&iacute; situaci ne&#345;e&scaron;&iacute;. D&#283;ti pak vytvo&#345;&iacute; aliance, kter&eacute; za&#269;nou ob&#283;&#357; syst&eacute;mov&#283; vylu&#269;ovat z kolektivu nebo jinak &scaron;ikanovat.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>4.1.2.7. Kl&iacute;&#269;ov&yacute; v&yacute;znam m&aacute; tolerance<\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B&#283;&#382;n&#283; panuje myln&aacute; p&#345;edstava, &#382;e p&#345;&iacute;&#269;inou &scaron;ikany je bu&#271; fyzick&yacute; vzhled, odli&scaron;nost od ostatn&iacute;ch lid&iacute;, nebo to, &#382;e je &#269;lov&#283;k z n&#283;jak&eacute;ho d&#367;vodu n&aacute;padn&yacute;. To nen&iacute; p&#345;esn&eacute;. D&#283;ti samy uv&aacute;d&#283;j&iacute; jako p&#345;&iacute;&#269;iny &scaron;ikany nap&#345;&iacute;klad nudu, moc, pomstu, &#382;&aacute;rlivost, obl&iacute;benost a strach z vylou&#269;en&iacute; ze skupiny.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N&iacute;zk&yacute; pr&aacute;h tolerance skupiny a p&#345;&iacute;sn&aacute; &bdquo;pravidla&rdquo;, co pova&#382;ovat za &bdquo;spr&aacute;vn&eacute;&rdquo; a &bdquo;&scaron;patn&eacute;&rdquo;, jsou p&#345;&iacute;&#269;inou &scaron;ikany. Naopak skupina d&#283;t&iacute;, kde k &scaron;ikan&#283; nedoch&aacute;z&iacute;, m&aacute; vysok&yacute; pr&aacute;h tolerance. Identita, vzhled, d&#367;le&#382;itost, role a schopnosti v&scaron;ech jsou akceptov&aacute;ny a pova&#382;uje se za samoz&#345;ejm&eacute;, &#382;e ka&#382;d&yacute; m&aacute; ve skupin&#283; sv&eacute; m&iacute;sto. Pr&aacute;h tolerance a m&iacute;ra p&#345;ijet&iacute; ve skupin&#283; ur&#269;uj&iacute;, zda k &scaron;ikan&#283; doch&aacute;z&iacute;, &#269;i nikoli.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pr&aacute;h tolerance ka&#382;d&eacute; skupiny je ovlivn&#283;n nap&#345;&iacute;klad rodi&#269;i, vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute;mi, histori&iacute; skupiny, osobn&iacute; histori&iacute; d&#283;t&iacute;, konzumac&iacute; m&eacute;di&iacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute;mi m&eacute;dii a veden&iacute;m. Nejsiln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; faktor m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t v ka&#382;d&eacute; skupin&#283; jin&yacute;, a proto jsou metody &#345;e&scaron;en&iacute; &scaron;ikany pro ka&#382;d&yacute; p&#345;&iacute;pad jin&eacute;. V&scaron;e, co &#269;lov&#283;k skupin&#283; poskytuje, m&aacute; svou hodnotu a ovliv&#328;uje kulturu a atmosf&eacute;ru skupiny. Pr&aacute;v&#283; proto je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; pracovat na posilov&aacute;n&iacute; hodnot v d&#283;tsk&yacute;ch skupin&aacute;ch, zejm&eacute;na na zv&yacute;&scaron;en&iacute; tolerance a podpo&#345;e respektuj&iacute;c&iacute;ho p&#345;&iacute;stupu.<\/span><\/p><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> &ndash; 4.1.3. DISKRIMINA&#268;N&Iacute; SITUACE K T&Eacute;MATU &ndash; <i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V&scaron;echny d&#283;ti ze t&#345;&iacute;dy jsou pozvan&eacute; na narozeninovou oslavu, krom&#283; jednoho. P&#345;&iacute;padn&#283; je pozvan&eacute; taky, ale nikdo se s n&iacute;m nebav&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jeden ze spolu&#382;&aacute;k&#367; je &#269;asto ter&#269;em strk&aacute;n&iacute; a po&scaron;&#357;uchov&aacute;n&iacute; od ostatn&iacute;ch. Jeho m&aacute;ma o tom, co se d&#283;je, mluvila s u&#269;iteli, ale ti s t&iacute;m nic ned&#283;laj&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jedna spolu&#382;a&#269;ka je vy&#269;len&#283;n&aacute; z kolektivu a &#382;&aacute;dn&aacute; ze skupin ve t&#345;&iacute;d&#283; se s n&iacute; nechce bavit. Dokonce ji za&#269;ala p&#345;ehl&iacute;&#382;et i jej&iacute; nejlep&scaron;&iacute; kamar&aacute;dka.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Scaron;li na proch&aacute;zku a najednou t&#345;i z nich prost&#283; utekli a jednoho nechali za sebou.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ve t&#345;&iacute;d&#283; je nov&yacute; spolu&#382;&aacute;k a nikdo se s n&iacute;m nebav&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Za nimi sed&iacute; dal&scaron;&iacute; dv&#283; d&#283;ti, kter&eacute; si o nich pov&iacute;daj&iacute; a sm&#283;j&iacute; se jim, nebo si jen tak &scaron;eptaj&iacute;. Kdy&#382; se jich zeptaj&iacute;, o &#269;em si pov&iacute;daj&iacute;, &#345;eknou: &bdquo;O ni&#269;em!&rdquo;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&bdquo;My jsme si jen d&#283;lali legraci!&rdquo;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&bdquo;M&#367;&#382;u se k v&aacute;m p&#345;idat? &rdquo; -&gt; &bdquo;Ne, nem&#367;&#382;e&scaron; si s n&aacute;mi j&iacute;t hr&aacute;t!&rdquo;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; ur&aacute;&#382;liv&yacute;ch slov nebo pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; p&#345;ezd&iacute;vek popisuj&iacute;c&iacute;ch vzhled jin&yacute;ch osob (vzhled, oble&#269;en&iacute; ad.).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosp&#283;l&yacute; polo&#382;il ot&aacute;zku a jedno z d&#283;t&iacute; zvedlo ruku s &uacute;myslem na ni odpov&#283;d&#283;t &ndash; v t&eacute;to chv&iacute;li se ostatn&iacute; za&#269;nou sm&aacute;t.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vyfotila svou spolu&#382;a&#269;ku a sd&iacute;lela obr&aacute;zek bez souhlasu.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jedno z d&#283;t&iacute; je ter&#269;em &scaron;ikany a ostatn&iacute; d&#283;ti jen p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>4.1.4.<strong> P&#344;&Iacute;KLADY DOBR&Eacute; PRAXE<\/strong><\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Videa pro snaz&scaron;&iacute; porozum&#283;n&iacute; princip&#367;m &scaron;ikany:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/42sGJF33dgM\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pro&#269; se &scaron;ikana d&#283;je? (anglicky)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/pDG1-BCZvTE\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Co je &scaron;ikana? (anglicky)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><h4><strong>4.1.4.1. Nej&uacute;&#269;inn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; prevenc&iacute; &scaron;ikany na &scaron;kol&aacute;ch je:<\/strong><\/h4><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vytvo&#345;en&iacute; trval&eacute;ho a inkluzivn&iacute;ho vztahu mezi d&#283;tmi a dosp&#283;l&yacute;mi.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vytv&aacute;&#345;en&iacute; pozitivn&iacute; kultury chov&aacute;n&iacute; v d&#283;tsk&eacute;m kolektivu, kde se k sob&#283; navz&aacute;jem d&#283;ti chovaj&iacute; s respektem a toleranc&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podpora vz&aacute;jemn&eacute; p&eacute;&#269;e u d&#283;t&iacute; a odvahy zas&aacute;hnout a zastat se t&#283;ch, kte&#345;&iacute; to z n&#283;jak&eacute;ho d&#367;vodu sami nedok&aacute;&#382;&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zajistit, aby ve t&#345;&iacute;d&#283; panovala kultura zalo&#382;en&aacute; na hodnot&aacute;ch, aby se z&aacute;kladn&iacute; hodnoty (respekt, p&eacute;&#269;e a odvaha) staly trvalou a p&#345;irozenou sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; ka&#382;dodenn&iacute;ho &#382;ivota d&#283;t&iacute; po celou dobu jejich &scaron;koln&iacute; doch&aacute;zky.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rozv&iacute;jen&iacute; pov&#283;dom&iacute; vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute;ch a rodi&#269;&#367; o vlivu dosp&#283;l&yacute;ch na vztahy mezi d&#283;tmi a posilov&aacute;n&iacute; spolupr&aacute;ce mezi vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute;mi, rodi&#269;i a d&#283;tmi.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>4.1.5. <strong>REFERENCE<\/strong><\/h3><p>Danish School of Education (DPU), Aarhus Universit. (n.d.). Exploring Bullying in Schools (eXbus) (2007&ndash;2011). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.exbus.dk\/<\/p><p>Knoop, H., Universitet, A., Holstein, B., Universitet, S., Viskum, H., Metropol, P., &amp; Lindskov, J. (2017). <em>Elevernes faellesskab og trivsel i skolen Analyser af Den Nationale Trivselsm&aring;ling<\/em>.<\/p><p>Kofoed, J., &amp; S&oslash;ndergaard, D. (2009). <em>Mobning. Sociale Processer p&aring; Afveje<\/em>.<\/p><p>McGrath, H., &amp; Noble, T. (2006). <em>Bullying Solutions: Evidence-based Approaches to Bullying in Australian Schools<\/em>. Pearson Education Australia. Retrieved from https:\/\/books.google.ee\/books?id=HCCANgAACAAJ<\/p><p>Olweus, D. (2013). <em>Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do<\/em>. John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/p><p>Pellegrini, A. D. (2002). Bullying, Victimization, and Sexual Harassment During the Transition to Middle School. <em>Educational Psychologist &ndash; EDUC PSYCHOL<\/em>, <em>37<\/em>, 151&ndash;163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15326985EP3703_2<\/p><p>Rab&oslash;l Hansen, H. (2016). <em>Parentesmetoden &ndash; t&aelig;nkestrategier mod mobning<\/em>. Dafolo.<\/p><p>Smith, P. K., Madsen, K. C., &amp; Moody, J. C. (1999). What causes the age decline in reports of being bullied at school? Towards a developmental analysis of risks of being bullied. <em>Educational Research<\/em>, <em>41<\/em>, 267&ndash;285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00131889904103034.1<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&Scaron;ikana je skupinov&yacute; jev. K &scaron;ikan&#283; doch&aacute;z&iacute; ve skupin&#283; (a v jej&iacute;m okol&iacute;), ve kter&eacute; maj&iacute; jednotliv&iacute; lid&eacute; r&#367;zn&eacute; a r&#367;zn&#283; viditeln&eacute; role (ob&#283;&#357;, agresor\/ka, p&#345;ihl&iacute;&#382;ej&iacute;c&iacute;, zast&aacute;nce\/zast&aacute;nkyn&#283;). &Scaron;ikana je systematick&aacute;. &#268;innosti se opakuj&iacute; nebo jsou sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; ur&#269;it&eacute;ho vzorce, kter&yacute; se odehr&aacute;v&aacute; b&#283;hem del&scaron;&iacute;ho obdob&iacute;. &Scaron;ikana je z&aacute;m&#283;rn&aacute;. &#268;innosti jsou v&#283;dom&#283; uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;ny tak, aby po&scaron;kodily ob&#283;&#357;. [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":9451,"menu_order":9,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-9457","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/9457","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9457"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/9457\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/9451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9457"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=9457"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}