{"id":10305,"date":"2023-04-04T17:44:37","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T17:44:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/9-environment-influences-6369\/9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-6524\/"},"modified":"2023-05-13T17:15:37","modified_gmt":"2023-05-13T17:15:37","slug":"9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-6524","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/9-environment-influences-6369\/9-1-hegemonic-masculinity-and-heterosexism-6524\/","title":{"rendered":"9.1. HEGEMONICK\u00c1 MASKULINITA A HETEROSEXISMUS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10305\" class=\"elementor elementor-10305 elementor-6524\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d969c6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d969c6a\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a4c3606\" data-id=\"6a4c3606\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9cbaae elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b9cbaae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8696\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_representation_of_a_traditional_USA_family_consi_b6143b90-2bb1-44f0-960d-c48cca07eb2c-1.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a827f90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a827f90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-259e583 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"259e583\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Soubor hodnot zaveden&yacute; mu&#382;i u moci, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k inkluzi a exkluzi stejn&#283; jako k nerovn&eacute;mu uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute; spole&#269;nosti z hlediska genderu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hegemonicka-maskulinita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Conell, 2005 je soubor hodnot ustanoven&yacute; mu&#382;i v mocensk&yacute;ch pozic&iacute;ch, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k za&#269;le&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute;, vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; a organizuje spole&#269;nost genderov&#283; nerovn&yacute;m zp&#367;sobem. Kombinuje n&#283;kolik rys&#367;, a to hierarchii maskulinit, diferencovan&yacute; p&#345;&iacute;stup mu&#382;&#367; k moci (oproti &#382;en&aacute;m a jin&yacute;m mu&#382;&#367;m) a vz&aacute;jemn&eacute; p&#367;soben&iacute; mu&#382;sk&eacute; identity, mu&#382;sk&yacute;ch ide&aacute;l&#367;, interakc&iacute;, moci a patriarch&aacute;tu.<\/span><\/li><li><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Heterosexismus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ideologie, kter&aacute; prosazuje konven&#269;nost genderu\/pohlav&iacute;, heterosexualitu a tradi&#269;n&iacute; rodinu jako jedin&yacute; zp&#367;sob byt&iacute; lid&iacute;, diskriminuje a podhodnocuje v&scaron;echny ostatn&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/heterosexismus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Heterosexismus<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Ingraham, 1996) je ideologie, kter&aacute; prosazuje konven&#269;nost genderu, heterosexualitu a tradi&#269;n&iacute; rodinu jako jedin&yacute; zp&#367;sob byt&iacute; lid&iacute;, diskriminuje a znehodnocuje v&scaron;echny ostatn&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uje trvalou formu citov&eacute;, romantick&eacute; a\/nebo sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; p&#345;ita&#382;livosti k mu&#382;&#367;m, &#382;en&aacute;m nebo k ob&#283;ma pohlav&iacute;m.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexualni-orientace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace<\/a>.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56f48c9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56f48c9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>9.1.1. &Uacute;VOD<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nejprve mus&iacute;me zohlednit, &#382;e <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> je soci&aacute;ln&iacute; konstrukce, kter&aacute; na z&aacute;klad&#283; na&scaron;eho <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> ur&#269;uje chov&aacute;n&iacute;, postoje, hodnoty, o&#269;ek&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; atd., kter&eacute; jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za typi&#269;t&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; pro mu&#382;e (neboli maskulinn&iacute;) nebo typi&#269;t&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; pro &#382;eny (neboli femininn&iacute;) (Whitehead et al., 2012). Tato bin&aacute;rn&iacute; konstrukce, vedle toho, &#382;e opom&iacute;j&iacute; dal&scaron;&iacute; gendery\/identity (nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;P&#345;&iacute;davn&eacute; jm&eacute;no pou&#382;&iacute;van&eacute; n&#283;kter&yacute;mi lidmi, jejich&#382; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace nen&iacute; v&yacute;hradn&#283; heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;. Tento zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n zahrnuje lidi, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, genderov&#283; fluidn&iacute; nebo genderov&#283; nekonformn&iacute; identitu. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a>, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n, kter&yacute; se pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute; k popisu &scaron;irok&eacute; &scaron;k&aacute;ly p&#345;irozen&yacute;ch t&#283;lesn&yacute;ch variac&iacute;. Popisuje kambinace pohlavn&iacute;ch charakteristik, kter&eacute; nespadaj&iacute; do b&#283;&#382;n&eacute;ho bin&aacute;rn&iacute;ho d&#283;len&iacute; na mu&#382;e a &#382;eny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> osoby atd.), je ust&aacute;lena na nerovn&eacute;m z&aacute;klad&#283;, ve kter&eacute;m jsou &bdquo;maskulinn&iacute;&ldquo; &#269;i vlastnosti, kter&eacute; jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za jim vlastn&iacute;, pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za hodnotn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; ne&#382; ty, kter&eacute; jsou pokl&aacute;d&aacute;ny za &bdquo;femininn&iacute;&ldquo;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V&iacute;ce informac&iacute; naleznete v t&eacute;matu <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DcppJQZY7AjYlIVrJa_GC2Gc5qQUFY-9\/edit#bookmark=id.35nkun2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">genderov&aacute; identita<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tento stav m&aacute; dopad nejen na &#382;eny, ale ovliv&#328;uje a zra&#328;uje tak&eacute; v&scaron;echny mu&#382;e, kte&#345;&iacute; se tomuto stereotypn&iacute;mu pojet&iacute; maskulinity nepod&#345;izuj&iacute; (stejn&#283; jako sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; men&scaron;iny, kter&eacute; se k t&#283;mto norm&aacute;m nehl&aacute;s&iacute;). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Soubor hodnot zaveden&yacute; mu&#382;i u moci, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k inkluzi a exkluzi stejn&#283; jako k nerovn&eacute;mu uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute; spole&#269;nosti z hlediska genderu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hegemonicka-maskulinita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita<\/a> je toti&#382; postavena na &#269;ty&#345;ech hlavn&iacute;ch os&aacute;ch (M&eacute;ndez, 2002):<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patriarch&aacute;ln&iacute; ideologie, kter&aacute; stanovuje, &#382;e mu&#382;i jsou ti, kte&#345;&iacute; disponuj&iacute; moc&iacute; a legitimizuj&iacute; svou nadvl&aacute;du nad ostatn&iacute;mi.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Individualismus, kter&yacute; zav&aacute;d&iacute;, &#382;e &bdquo;ide&aacute;ln&iacute; osoba&ldquo; je ta, kter&aacute; je sama o sob&#283; sob&#283;sta&#269;n&aacute;, racion&aacute;ln&iacute; a schopn&aacute; prosadit svou v&#367;li.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vylou&#269;en&iacute;\/pod&#345;&iacute;zen&iacute; ostatn&iacute;ch, tj. t&#283;ch, kte&#345;&iacute; neodpov&iacute;daj&iacute; t&eacute;to p&#345;edstav&#283; &bdquo;maskulinity&ldquo;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Heterosexismus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ideologie, kter&aacute; prosazuje konven&#269;nost genderu\/pohlav&iacute;, heterosexualitu a tradi&#269;n&iacute; rodinu jako jedin&yacute; zp&#367;sob byt&iacute; lid&iacute;, diskriminuje a podhodnocuje v&scaron;echny ostatn&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/heterosexismus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Heterosexismus<\/a>, kter&yacute; p&#345;edpokl&aacute;d&aacute;, &#382;e &bdquo;ide&aacute;ln&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientac&iacute;&ldquo; je heterosexualita, a diskriminuje &#269;i kriminalizuje jakoukoliv jinou (nap&#345;. homo- &#269;i bisexualitu). <\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Souhrnn&#283; &#345;e&#269;eno, takov&aacute; hegemonn&iacute; maskulinita se buduje p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m mezi sob&#283; rovn&yacute;mi odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute;m v&scaron;eho, co je femininn&iacute;, a p&#345;ij&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute;m patriarch&aacute;tu. Je budov&aacute;na na z&aacute;klad&#283; odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; v&#367;&#269;i &#382;en&aacute;m a jak&yacute;chkoliv sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch men&scaron;in.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.1.2. ROZVOJ T&Eacute;MATU<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jen&#382;e jak se to vlastn&#283; v&scaron;echno nau&#269;&iacute;me? Jak se takov&aacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Soubor hodnot zaveden&yacute; mu&#382;i u moci, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k inkluzi a exkluzi stejn&#283; jako k nerovn&eacute;mu uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute; spole&#269;nosti z hlediska genderu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hegemonicka-maskulinita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita<\/a> p&#345;ed&aacute;v&aacute;? Jak lze heteronormativitu &#345;e&scaron;it?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak u&#382; jsme uvedli, d&#283;ti jsou socializov&aacute;ny v r&aacute;mci heteronormativn&iacute; kultury prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m na&scaron;eho kontaktu s ostatn&iacute;mi, na&scaron;eho prost&#345;ed&iacute; (v rodin&#283;, ve &scaron;kole, na st&#345;edn&iacute; &scaron;kole atd.), m&eacute;di&iacute; atd. Postupn&#283; si osvojujeme a zvnit&#345;&#328;ujeme, jac&iacute; bychom m&#283;li b&yacute;t, jak bychom se m&#283;li chovat, posilujeme genderovou binaritu (femininita\/maskulinita) a odm&#283;&#328;ujeme postoje, kter&eacute; jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za typick&eacute; pro heterosexualitu.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spole&#269;nost n&aacute;m tedy r&#367;zn&yacute;mi cestami a sd&#283;len&iacute;mi v&scaron;t&#283;puje tento typ kultury. T&#345;eba chlapeck&eacute; oble&#269;en&iacute; jen z&#345;&iacute;dkakdy obsahuje kv&#283;tiny, zv&iacute;&#345;&aacute;tka, r&#367;&#382;ovou barvu&hellip; T&iacute;mto zp&#367;sobem jsou d&#283;ti za&#345;azov&aacute;ny do toho, jak&eacute; oble&#269;en&iacute; by m&#283;ly nebo nem&#283;ly nosit. Nebo kdy&#382; nap&#345;&iacute;klad chlapc&#367;m &#345;&iacute;k&aacute;me, &#382;e &bdquo;pl&aacute;&#269;ou jen holky&ldquo;, formujeme t&iacute;m jejich charakter, &#345;&iacute;k&aacute;me jim, co by m&#283;li nebo nem&#283;li d&#283;lat a jak by se m&#283;li nebo nem&#283;li chovat. Kdy&#382; chce d&iacute;vka hr&aacute;t fotbal a obl&eacute;k&aacute; se chlapecky tak, &#382;e o n&iacute; jej&iacute; vrstevn&iacute;ci za&#269;nou mluvit jako o &bdquo;tomboy&ldquo;, d&aacute;vaj&iacute; j&iacute; t&iacute;m najevo, co je pro jej&iacute; &bdquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a>&ldquo; p&#345;ijateln&eacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a co ne.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tento druh socializace, jen&#382; stanovuje, kter&eacute; praktiky jsou hegemonn&iacute;, posiluje normativn&iacute; projevy a orientace, m&aacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&yacute; vliv na pohodu a du&scaron;evn&iacute; zdrav&iacute; t&#283;ch, kte&#345;&iacute; se t&#283;mto norm&aacute;m nepod&#345;izuj&iacute;, jako nap&#345;&iacute;klad d&#283;t&iacute; a dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch, kte&#345;&iacute; se &#345;ad&iacute; k sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m men&scaron;in&aacute;m (gayov&eacute;, lesby, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;P&#345;&iacute;davn&eacute; jm&eacute;no pou&#382;&iacute;van&eacute; n&#283;kter&yacute;mi lidmi, jejich&#382; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace nen&iacute; v&yacute;hradn&#283; heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;. Tento zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n zahrnuje lidi, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, genderov&#283; fluidn&iacute; nebo genderov&#283; nekonformn&iacute; identitu. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a>) nebo jsou&nbsp; trans, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Intersex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n, kter&yacute; se pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute; k popisu &scaron;irok&eacute; &scaron;k&aacute;ly p&#345;irozen&yacute;ch t&#283;lesn&yacute;ch variac&iacute;. Popisuje kambinace pohlavn&iacute;ch charakteristik, kter&eacute; nespadaj&iacute; do b&#283;&#382;n&eacute;ho bin&aacute;rn&iacute;ho d&#283;len&iacute; na mu&#382;e a &#382;eny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/intersex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">intersex<\/a> atd. (Flores, Abboud, &amp; Barroso, 2019). V&yacute;zkumy toti&#382; pouk&aacute;zaly na n&#283;kter&eacute; z t&#283;chto dopad&#367;: hor&scaron;&iacute; studijn&iacute; v&yacute;sledky, psychick&eacute; pot&iacute;&#382;e, deprese, n&iacute;zk&eacute; sebev&#283;dom&iacute; a dokonce zneu&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; n&aacute;vykov&yacute;ch l&aacute;tek (Bauermeister et al., 2017).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V posledn&iacute;ch letech se na&scaron;t&#283;st&iacute; zvy&scaron;uje pov&#283;dom&iacute; o heteronormativn&iacute;m prost&#345;ed&iacute;, v n&#283;m&#382; &#382;ijeme, a proto doch&aacute;z&iacute; k jeho men&scaron;&iacute;mu prosazov&aacute;n&iacute;. To lidem st&aacute;le &#269;ast&#283;ji umo&#382;&#328;uje svobodn&#283; se projevovat a nemuset se &#345;&iacute;dit ji&#382; zm&iacute;n&#283;n&yacute;mi rigidn&iacute;mi k&oacute;dy.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pro n&aacute;s vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute; je v&scaron;ak d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute;, abychom si jasn&#283; uv&#283;domovali a zav&aacute;d&#283;li takov&eacute; zp&#367;soby chov&aacute;n&iacute; a dynamiku, kter&eacute; tento heteronormativn&iacute; syst&eacute;m a tento typ hegemonick&eacute; maskulinity nabour&aacute;vaj&iacute;, proto&#382;e v opa&#269;n&eacute;m p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283; stereotypy ur&#269;uj&iacute; jedin&eacute; a rigidn&iacute; vzorce a v&scaron;e, co se od nich odchyluje, bude cenzurov&aacute;no.<\/span><\/p><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> &ndash; 9.1.3. DISKRIMINA&#268;N&Iacute; SITUACE K T&Eacute;MATU &ndash; <i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;edstavte si, &#382;e ve va&scaron;&iacute; &scaron;kole slav&iacute;te &bdquo;t&yacute;den zdrav&iacute;&ldquo;. Denn&#283; jako prvn&iacute; v&#283;c, kterou r&aacute;no se sv&yacute;mi studuj&iacute;c&iacute;mi ud&#283;l&aacute;te, je 15 minut cvi&#269;en&iacute;. Ka&#382;d&eacute; cvi&#269;en&iacute; p&#345;ipravuje jin&yacute;*&aacute; studuj&iacute;c&iacute;. Na &#345;ad&#283; je dnes Lucas, v&aacute;&scaron; dvan&aacute;ctilet&yacute; &#382;&aacute;k. P&#345;inese si USB, kter&eacute; rychle p&#345;ipoj&iacute; k po&#269;&iacute;ta&#269;i, a za&#269;ne p&#345;ehr&aacute;vat nejnov&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; popov&yacute; hit. Lucas v&aacute;s v&scaron;echny vyb&iacute;dne k tanci, a p&#345;esto&#382;e v&#283;t&scaron;ina za&#269;ne tan&#269;it, vid&iacute;te, jak jedna skupina d&#283;t&iacute; netan&#269;&iacute;. A co v&iacute;ce, za&#269;nou se Lucasovi a jeho tanci sm&aacute;t. Jako&#382;to vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute; se rozhodnete aktivitu p&#345;eru&scaron;it a zept&aacute;te se t&eacute; skupinky, je&#382; netan&#269;&iacute; a sm&#283;je se, na to, pro&#269; se tak chovaj&iacute;. Na tuto ot&aacute;zku v&aacute;m odpov&iacute;, &#382;e &bdquo;jsou to hol&#269;i&#269;&iacute; v&#283;ci&ldquo; a &#382;e oni netan&#269;&iacute;. Takov&aacute; odpov&#283;&#271; zavd&aacute;v&aacute; podn&#283;t k velmi zaj&iacute;mav&eacute; reflexi, kterou je t&#345;eba prov&eacute;st jak s nimi, tak se zbytkem t&#345;&iacute;dy. M&#367;&#382;eme si nap&#345;&iacute;klad polo&#382;it n&aacute;sleduj&iacute;c&iacute; ot&aacute;zky: Mohou tan&#269;it jen d&iacute;vky? Pro&#269; si mysl&iacute;me, &#382;e tanec je jen pro d&iacute;vky a hran&iacute; fotbalu pro chlapce? Nen&iacute; mezi n&aacute;mi &#382;&aacute;dn&yacute; chlapec, kter&yacute; by r&aacute;d tan&#269;il, a &#382;&aacute;dn&aacute; d&iacute;vka, kter&aacute; by m&#283;la r&aacute;da fotbal? Pro&#269; si mysl&iacute;te, &#382;e tancov&aacute;n&iacute; nen&iacute; pro kluky typick&eacute;? M&aacute;me v&scaron;ichni pocit, &#382;e n&aacute;s ten <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Stereotyp&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;P&#345;edstavuje soubor sd&iacute;len&yacute;ch p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;en&iacute; o charakteristik&aacute;ch, osobn&iacute;ch vlastnostech a chov&aacute;n&iacute;, kter&eacute; se t&yacute;kaj&iacute; &#269;len&#367; ur&#269;it&eacute; skupiny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/stereotyp\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">stereotyp<\/a> &bdquo;b&yacute;t kluk&ldquo; nebo &bdquo;b&yacute;t holka&ldquo; vystihuje? Pod&#345;izuj&iacute; se tomu i na&scaron;i kamar&aacute;di? A co na&scaron;i p&#345;&iacute;buzn&iacute;? A lid&eacute;, kter&eacute; obdivujeme?<\/span><\/p><h3>9.1.4. P&#344;&Iacute;KLADY DOBR&Eacute; PRAXE<\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jako vyu&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute; je nezbytn&eacute;, abyste sami u sebe v&#283;novali pozornost a sna&#382;ili se uv&#283;domit si situace, ve kter&yacute;ch jste sami ovlivn&#283;ni sv&yacute;mi vlastn&iacute;mi stereotypy a p&#345;edsudky, a sna&#382;ili se je ovl&aacute;dat. Stejn&#283; tak je vhodn&eacute;, abyste v r&aacute;mci vyu&#269;ovac&iacute;ch hodin navozovali debaty t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute; se t&#283;chto ot&aacute;zek, a identifikovali tak, co je to model hegemonn&iacute; maskulinity a jeho znaky, d&aacute;le rozebrali, nakolik tento model neodpov&iacute;d&aacute; va&scaron;im osobn&iacute;m charakteristik&aacute;m.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#268;ast&yacute;m probl&eacute;mem, kter&yacute; se ve &scaron;kol&aacute;ch vyskytuje, je tak&eacute; zab&iacute;r&aacute;n&iacute; fyzick&eacute;ho prostoru (h&#345;i&scaron;t&#283;, hry), kter&yacute; t&eacute;m&#283;&#345; v&#382;dy zab&iacute;raj&iacute; dominantn&iacute; nebo stereotypn&#283; maskulinn&iacute; d&#283;ti nam&iacute;sto introvertn&iacute;ch, femininn&iacute;ch d&#283;t&iacute; nebo <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> d&#283;t&iacute;. M&#367;&#382;ete tedy zkusit tyto prostory regulovat individu&aacute;ln&#283;, zav&eacute;st r&#367;znorod&eacute; v&yacute;m&#283;ny pro hry na dvo&#345;e, pou&#382;&iacute;vat basketbalov&eacute; ko&scaron;e\/branky jen v ur&#269;it&eacute; dny, dohl&iacute;&#382;et na to, aby v&scaron;ichni studuj&iacute;c&iacute; mohli provozovat v&scaron;echny druhy sport&#367; atd.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dal&scaron;&iacute;m probl&eacute;mem je diskurzivn&iacute; prostor, proto&#382;e ve sm&iacute;&scaron;en&yacute;ch prostorech (b&#283;&#382;n&yacute;ch ve &scaron;koln&iacute;m prost&#345;ed&iacute;) zpravidla d&iacute;vky mluv&iacute; m&eacute;n&#283; (n&#283;kter&eacute; studie uv&aacute;d&#283;j&iacute;, &#382;e a&#382; o 75 % m&eacute;n&#283;) a chlapci je v&iacute;ce p&#345;eru&scaron;uj&iacute;, co&#382; zp&#367;sobuje, &#382;e si postupn&#283; opanuj&iacute; diskurz a nad&aacute;le reprodukuj&iacute; sch&eacute;mata hegemonn&iacute; maskulinity, kter&aacute; jsme ji&#382; zmi&#328;ovali. Abyste s takov&yacute;m stavem mohli pracovat, m&#367;&#382;ete zakl&aacute;dat mal&eacute; debatn&iacute; skupinky, v nich&#382; budou vystupovat v&scaron;ichni studuj&iacute;c&iacute;, a db&aacute;t na to, aby mluv&#269;&iacute;mi skupinek nebyly v&#382;dy <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dominantn&iacute; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d&#283;ti, ale aby se tam mohli c&iacute;tit zastoupeni v&scaron;ichni.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.1.5. REFERENCE<\/h3><p>Bauermeister, J., Connochie, D., Jadwin-Cakmak, L., &amp; Meanley, S. (2017). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> policing during childhood and the psychological well-being of young adult sexual minority men. <em>American Journal of Men&rsquo;s Health, 11(3)<\/em>, 693&ndash;701. doi:10.1177\/ 1557988316680938<\/p><p>Connell, R. W., &amp; Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> &amp; society, 19(6)<\/em>, 829-859.<\/p><p>Flores, D., Abboud, S., &amp; Barroso, J. (2019) Hegemonic Masculinity During Parent-Child Sex Communication with Sexual Minority Male Adolescents. <em>American Journal of Sexuality Education, 14(4)<\/em>, 417-439. DOI: 10.1080\/15546128.2019.1626312<\/p><p>Flores, D., &amp; Barroso, J. (2017). 21st century parent&ndash;child sex communication in the United States: A process review. <em>The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4-5)<\/em>, 532-548.<\/p><p>Ingraham, C. (1994). The heterosexual imaginary: Feminist sociology and theories of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Sociological theory<\/em>, 203-219.<\/p><p>M&eacute;ndez, L. B. (2002). Masculinidad hegem&oacute;nica e identidad masculina. <em>Dossiers feministes<\/em>, 7-35.<\/p><p>Whitehead, J. C., Thomas, J., Forkner, B., &amp; LaMonica, D. (2012). Reluctant gatekeepers: &lsquo;Trans-positive&rsquo; practitioners and the social construction of sex and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a>. <em>Journal of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a> Studies, 21(4)<\/em>, 387-400.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Soubor hodnot zaveden&yacute; mu&#382;i u moci, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k inkluzi a exkluzi stejn&#283; jako k nerovn&eacute;mu uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute; spole&#269;nosti z hlediska genderu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hegemonicka-maskulinita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hegemonick&aacute; maskulinita<\/a> (Conell, 2005 je soubor hodnot ustanoven&yacute; mu&#382;i v mocensk&yacute;ch pozic&iacute;ch, kter&yacute; slou&#382;&iacute; k za&#269;le&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute;, vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; a organizuje spole&#269;nost genderov&#283; nerovn&yacute;m zp&#367;sobem. Kombinuje n&#283;kolik rys&#367;, a to hierarchii maskulinit, diferencovan&yacute; p&#345;&iacute;stup mu&#382;&#367; k moci (oproti &#382;en&aacute;m a jin&yacute;m mu&#382;&#367;m) a vz&aacute;jemn&eacute; p&#367;soben&iacute; mu&#382;sk&eacute; identity, mu&#382;sk&yacute;ch ide&aacute;l&#367;, interakc&iacute;, moci a patriarch&aacute;tu. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Heterosexismus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ideologie, kter&aacute; prosazuje konven&#269;nost genderu\/pohlav&iacute;, heterosexualitu a tradi&#269;n&iacute; rodinu jako jedin&yacute; zp&#367;sob byt&iacute; lid&iacute;, diskriminuje a podhodnocuje v&scaron;echny ostatn&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/heterosexismus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Heterosexismus<\/a> (Ingraham, 1996) je [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":10151,"menu_order":28,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-10305","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10305","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10305"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10305\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10151"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10305"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=10305"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}