{"id":10293,"date":"2023-04-04T17:44:58","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T17:44:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/9-environment-influences-6369\/9-4-objectification-6530\/"},"modified":"2023-05-13T18:33:29","modified_gmt":"2023-05-13T18:33:29","slug":"9-4-objectification-6530","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/9-environment-influences-6369\/9-4-objectification-6530\/","title":{"rendered":"9.4. OBJEKTIFIKACE"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10293\" class=\"elementor elementor-10293 elementor-6530\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2773cdcf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2773cdcf\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a25236b\" data-id=\"4a25236b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f596b88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f596b88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_woman_being_objectified_in_media_cartoon_aesthet_f0a13e73-a490-4f3a-9d18-1ae9a8ef28b0-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8733\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_woman_being_objectified_in_media_cartoon_aesthet_f0a13e73-a490-4f3a-9d18-1ae9a8ef28b0-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_woman_being_objectified_in_media_cartoon_aesthet_f0a13e73-a490-4f3a-9d18-1ae9a8ef28b0-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_woman_being_objectified_in_media_cartoon_aesthet_f0a13e73-a490-4f3a-9d18-1ae9a8ef28b0-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_woman_being_objectified_in_media_cartoon_aesthet_f0a13e73-a490-4f3a-9d18-1ae9a8ef28b0-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_woman_being_objectified_in_media_cartoon_aesthet_f0a13e73-a490-4f3a-9d18-1ae9a8ef28b0-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_a_woman_being_objectified_in_media_cartoon_aesthet_f0a13e73-a490-4f3a-9d18-1ae9a8ef28b0.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7903eb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7903eb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4af26f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4af26f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#381;eny jsou &#269;ast&#283;ji ne&#382; mu&#382;i hodnoceny na z&aacute;klad&#283; toho, jak vypadaj&iacute;, jsou ztoto&#382;&#328;ov&aacute;ny se sv&yacute;m fyzick&yacute;m vzhledem a <\/span><b>redukov&aacute;ny na n&aacute;stroje pro pot&#283;&scaron;en&iacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> druh&yacute;ch. Tomu se &#345;&iacute;k&aacute; <\/span><b>objektifikace<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#381;eny v z&aacute;padn&iacute;ch spole&#269;nostech se od &uacute;tl&eacute;ho v&#283;ku u&#269;&iacute;, &#382;e se na jejich t&#283;lo d&iacute;vaj&iacute; a hodnot&iacute; je ostatn&iacute;. V d&#367;sledku toho si &#382;eny za&#269;&iacute;naj&iacute; v&aacute;&#382;it vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la pro jeho vzhled a hledaj&iacute; shodu se spole&#269;ensk&yacute;m ide&aacute;lem vzhledu. Tento proces se naz&yacute;v&aacute;<\/span> <b>sebeobjektifikace<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#381;eny, kter&eacute; jsou objektifikov&aacute;ny, nejsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za komplexn&iacute; lidsk&eacute; osoby, jsou vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako n&#283;kdo s men&scaron;&iacute;mi du&scaron;evn&iacute;mi schopnostmi, tud&iacute;&#382; si nezaslou&#382;&iacute; mor&aacute;ln&iacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; ze strany ostatn&iacute;ch.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Existuje souvislost mezi objektifikac&iacute; a <\/span><b>n&iacute;zkou spokojenost&iacute; s vlastn&iacute;m t&#283;lem<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, studem za sv&eacute; t&#283;lo a poruchami p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy, kter&eacute; jsou zprost&#345;edkov&aacute;ny internalizac&iacute; sou&#269;asn&yacute;ch nerealistick&yacute;ch t&#283;lesn&yacute;ch standard&#367;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexualizace je &#269;ast&aacute; na soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch s&iacute;t&iacute;ch i v konven&#269;n&iacute;ch m&eacute;di&iacute;ch (noviny, televize atd.). Vystaven&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&#283; objektifikuj&iacute;c&iacute;m medi&aacute;ln&iacute;m obraz&#367;m umo&#382;&#328;uje dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;m internalizaci estetick&yacute;ch ide&aacute;l&#367; a u d&iacute;vek souvis&iacute; se sebeobjektitifikac&iacute;. M&#367;&#382;e tak&eacute; ovlivnit celkov&yacute;, sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; a emocion&aacute;ln&iacute; v&yacute;voj d&#283;t&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexualizace m&#367;&#382;e m&iacute;t z&aacute;va&#382;n&yacute; dopad na sebe&uacute;ctu d&#283;t&iacute; a dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch, jejich pohodu, vztahy a rovn&eacute; p&#345;&iacute;le&#382;itosti.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48f0a477 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48f0a477\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>9.4.1. &Uacute;VOD<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podle <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">teorie objektifikace<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Fredricksona a Robertse (1997) se &#269;&aacute;sti &#382;ensk&eacute;ho t&#283;la, jeho sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; funkce nebo dokonce cel&eacute; t&#283;lo st&aacute;vaj&iacute; absolutn&iacute; reprezentac&iacute; jej&iacute;ho byt&iacute;. Oce&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute; &#382;en na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; p&#345;ita&#382;livosti, nikoliv jejich schopnost&iacute;, p&#345;edstavuje formu <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a>, kter&eacute; &#269;el&iacute; p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m &#382;eny (ale nejen ony), proto&#382;e s nimi nen&iacute; zach&aacute;zeno jako s komplexn&iacute;mi lidsk&yacute;mi bytostmi. Je to roz&scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&aacute; tendence, kter&aacute; st&aacute;le p&#345;etrv&aacute;v&aacute; ve v&#283;t&scaron;in&#283; z&aacute;padn&iacute;ch spole&#269;nost&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Toto zam&#283;&#345;en&iacute; na fyzick&yacute; vzhled nav&iacute;c ovliv&#328;uje vnit&#345;n&iacute; stavy &#382;en t&iacute;m, &#382;e je vede k sebeobjektifikaci (k sebehodnocen&iacute; a vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; sebe sama jako pouh&eacute;ho t&#283;la) a k objektifikaci ostatn&iacute;ch osob. Jeliko&#382; se t&#283;lo a jeho vzhled st&aacute;v&aacute; tak d&#367;le&#382;it&yacute;m pro mezilidsk&eacute; hodnocen&iacute; a spole&#269;ensk&eacute; normy podporuj&iacute; &scaron;t&iacute;hlost, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">objektifikace nakonec v mnoha p&#345;&iacute;padech vede k emo&#269;n&iacute;m poruch&aacute;m a poruch&aacute;m chov&aacute;n&iacute; souvisej&iacute;c&iacute;m s n&iacute;zkou spokojenost&iacute; se sv&yacute;m t&#283;lem.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.4.2. ROZVOJ T&Eacute;MATU<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak je vid&#283;t na obr&aacute;zku 14, existuj&iacute; dva hlavn&iacute; rozm&#283;ry definuj&iacute;c&iacute; objektifikaci (Nussbaum, 1995):&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-10427\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_14-1024x347.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_14-1024x347.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_14-300x102.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_14-768x260.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_14-20x7.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_14.png 1288w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/p><h6>Obr&aacute;zek 14. Dimenze objektifikace<\/h6><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hlavn&iacute;m prost&#345;edkem objektifikace je <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">objektivizuj&iacute;c&iacute;\/sexualizuj&iacute;c&iacute; pohled<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Fredrickson &amp; Roberts, 1997), kter&yacute; se t&yacute;k&aacute; v&iacute;ce &#269;i m&eacute;n&#283; explicitn&iacute;ch mu&#382;sk&yacute;ch postoj&#367;, sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch n&aacute;vrh&#367; nebo koment&aacute;&#345;&#367; <\/span><b>zam&#283;&#345;en&yacute;ch na fyzick&yacute; vzhled &#382;en<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A&#269;koliv se p&#367;vodn&#283; p&#345;edpokl&aacute;dalo, &#382;e objektifikace je chov&aacute;n&iacute; mu&#382;&#367; v&#367;&#269;i &#382;en&aacute;m, zjistilo se, &#382;e objektifikace &#382;en se dopou&scaron;t&#283;j&iacute; i &#382;eny. Aktivn&iacute; z&iacute;sk&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch partnerek je d&#367;le&#382;it&yacute;m faktorem vysv&#283;tluj&iacute;c&iacute;m objektifikaci &#382;en u mnoha heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch mu&#382;&#367;, ale mohou existovat i alternativn&iacute; faktory, kter&eacute; p&#345;isp&iacute;vaj&iacute; k v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; objektifikaci &#382;en, jako je nap&#345;&iacute;klad &#382;ensk&aacute; konkurence.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vystaven&iacute; objektifikuj&iacute;c&iacute;m obraz&#367;m m&#367;&#382;e stimulovat div&aacute;ky k tomu, aby si p&#345;i pohledu na jin&eacute; osoby osvojili objektifikuj&iacute;c&iacute; pohled. Nap&#345;&iacute;klad kdy&#382; div&aacute;ci sleduj&iacute; reklamu, pokud objektivizuje &#382;eny, pak se pohled div&aacute;ka tak&eacute; st&aacute;v&aacute; objektivizuj&iacute;c&iacute;m a m&#367;&#382;e aktivovat stejn&yacute; vzorec pohledu, kdy&#382; se div&aacute;ci d&iacute;vaj&iacute; na jednotlivce v re&aacute;ln&eacute;m &#382;ivot&#283;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; objektifikace v soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch interakc&iacute;ch s ostatn&iacute;mi <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">m&#367;&#382;e oscilovat na kontinuu<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> s ka&#382;dodenn&iacute;m, jemn&yacute;m chov&aacute;n&iacute;m (nap&#345;. objektivizuj&iacute;c&iacute; pohledy, koment&aacute;&#345;e o vzhledu, kradm&eacute; pohledy) na jedn&eacute; stran&#283; a n&aacute;siln&yacute;m chov&aacute;n&iacute;m (nap&#345;. sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; obt&#283;&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; a napaden&iacute;) na stran&#283; druh&eacute;. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A&#269;koliv sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; objektifikaci mohou za&#382;&iacute;vat lid&eacute; v&scaron;ech gender&#367;, &#382;eny ji uv&aacute;d&#283;j&iacute; &#269;ast&#283;ji<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Davidson &amp; Gervais, 2015). N&#283;kter&eacute; &#382;eny jsou nav&iacute;c objektivizov&aacute;ny v&iacute;ce ne&#382; jin&eacute;. &#381;eny, kter&eacute; spl&#328;uj&iacute; ur&#269;it&aacute; krit&eacute;ria spojen&aacute; se sexualizac&iacute; (nap&#345;. p&#345;il&eacute;hav&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;, odhaluj&iacute;c&iacute; nebo provokativn&iacute; oble&#269;en&iacute;, v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; kosmetiky), jsou objektivizov&aacute;ny v&iacute;ce ne&#382; ty, kter&eacute; tato krit&eacute;ria nespl&#328;uj&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexualizovan&eacute; &#382;eny jsou vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako &#382;eny s nedostate&#269;n&yacute;mi ment&aacute;ln&iacute;mi i mor&aacute;ln&iacute;mi schopnostmi, jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za m&eacute;n&#283; kompetentn&iacute;, m&eacute;n&#283; lidsk&eacute; a jsou vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako ty, kter&eacute; m&eacute;n&#283; trp&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;mi &uacute;toky.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Toto pop&iacute;r&aacute;n&iacute; du&scaron;evn&iacute;ch schopnost&iacute; a mor&aacute;ln&iacute;ho statusu je spojeno se zv&yacute;&scaron;enou ochotou mu&#382;&#367; dopou&scaron;t&#283;t se v&#367;&#269;i nim sexu&aacute;ln&#283; agresivn&iacute;ho jedn&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kolik studi&iacute; prok&aacute;zalo, &#382;e subjekty, kter&yacute;m byly ukazov&aacute;ny sexualizovan&eacute; reprezentace druh&yacute;ch nebo kter&eacute; byly nab&aacute;d&aacute;ny k objektivizaci druh&yacute;ch, hodnotily tyto druh&eacute; jako povrchn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;, m&eacute;n&#283; v&#345;el&eacute;, m&eacute;n&#283; schopn&eacute; emoc&iacute;, m&eacute;n&#283; profesn&#283; kompetentn&iacute;, m&eacute;n&#283; si zaslou&#382;&iacute;c&iacute; mor&aacute;ln&iacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; a v&iacute;ce odli&scaron;n&eacute; od sebe (Heflick et al., 2011).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;ij&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; kompliment&#367; souvisej&iacute;c&iacute;ch se vzhledem vede u &#382;en k ni&#382;&scaron;&iacute;mu kognitivn&iacute;mu v&yacute;konu (Kahalon et al., 2018<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Sexu&aacute;ln&#283; objektivizuj&iacute;c&iacute; pohledy naru&scaron;uj&iacute; schopnost dr&#382;en&iacute; pozornosti u &#382;en prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m sni&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; stavu flow, kter&yacute; je definov&aacute;n jako odm&#283;&#328;uj&iacute;c&iacute; z&aacute;&#382;itek &uacute;pln&eacute;ho pono&#345;en&iacute; do &#269;innosti. D&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; je tak&eacute; to, &#382;e naru&scaron;en&iacute; flow z&aacute;vis&iacute; na tom, do jak&eacute; m&iacute;ry se dan&eacute; &#382;eny spol&eacute;haj&iacute; na nerealistick&eacute; ide&aacute;ly kr&aacute;sy spole&#269;nosti.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#381;eny omezuj&iacute; svou p&#345;&iacute;tomnost tak&eacute; v dyadick&yacute;ch interakc&iacute;ch<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> t&iacute;m, &#382;e p&#345;i rozhovoru s mu&#382;sk&yacute;m partnerem mluv&iacute; m&eacute;n&#283;, pokud se jim dost&aacute;v&aacute; koment&aacute;&#345;&#367; o jejich fyzick&eacute;m vzhledu. Bylo tak&eacute; zji&scaron;t&#283;no, &#382;e objektifikace vyvol&aacute;v&aacute; u &#382;ensk&yacute;ch ob&#283;t&iacute; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pocity provin&#283;n&iacute; a v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; sebe jako&nbsp; &bdquo;&scaron;pinav&eacute;&ldquo;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Baldissarri et. al., 2019).<\/span><\/p><h4><span style=\"font-size: 20.8px;\">9.4.<\/span><strong>2.1. <b>Sebeobjektifikace<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Objektifikace m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t je&scaron;t&#283; &scaron;kodliv&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;, pokud si &#382;eny tento druh hodnocen&iacute; internalizuj&iacute;, a vyvol&aacute;vaj&iacute; tak svou sebeobjektifikaci, kter&aacute; je definov&aacute;na <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">zv&yacute;&scaron;enou pozornost&iacute; v&#283;novanou vlastn&iacute;mu t&#283;lu a fyzick&eacute;mu vzhledu sp&iacute;&scaron;e ne&#382; cel&eacute; osob&#283; nebo jin&yacute;m osobn&iacute;m charakteristik&aacute;m<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Calogero et al., 2011). To m&#367;&#382;e v&eacute;st k negativn&iacute;m emocion&aacute;ln&iacute;m, kognitivn&iacute;m a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute;m d&#367;sledk&#367;m, jako je stud za vlastn&iacute; t&#283;lo a nespokojenost s n&iacute;m, &uacute;zkost ohledn&#283; sv&eacute;ho vzhledu, neochota mluvit v soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch interakc&iacute;ch nebo dokonce v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; riziko vzniku poruch p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy, deprese a sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch dysfunkc&iacute; (Peat &amp; Muehlenkamp, 2011). D&iacute;vky a &#382;eny se sklonem k sebeobjektifikaci o sob&#283; &#269;asto uva&#382;uj&iacute; jako o objektech pro sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; pot&#283;&scaron;en&iacute; druh&yacute;ch a maj&iacute; tendenci up&#345;ednost&#328;ovat sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; touhy sv&yacute;ch partner&#367; p&#345;ed sv&yacute;mi vlastn&iacute;mi.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Objektifikace a sebeobjektifikace m&#367;&#382;e po&scaron;kodit sebev&#283;dom&iacute; mlad&yacute;ch &#382;en<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kter&eacute; je siln&#283; determinov&aacute;no vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute;m jejich fyzick&eacute;ho vzhledu. Vztah mezi sebe&uacute;ctou a sebeobjektifikac&iacute; je zprost&#345;edkov&aacute;n fyzickou atraktivitou. &#381;eny, kter&eacute; se objektifikuj&iacute; a c&iacute;t&iacute; se atraktivn&iacute;, mohou do&#269;asn&#283; zv&yacute;&scaron;it svou sebe&uacute;ctu, a naopak sn&iacute;&#382;it svou sebe&uacute;ctu, pokud se atraktivn&iacute; nec&iacute;t&iacute;. Mu&#382;i tradi&#269;n&#283; nejsou socializov&aacute;ni s t&iacute;m, &#382;e by svou hodnotu p&#345;izp&#367;sobovali sv&eacute;mu fyzick&eacute;mu vzhledu, tak&#382;e tomu, jak vypadaj&iacute;, v&#283;nuj&iacute; m&eacute;n&#283; pozornosti (i kdy&#382; se to v sou&#269;asnosti m&#283;n&iacute;). Krom&#283; toho jsou vystaveni men&scaron;&iacute;mu po&#269;tu situac&iacute; objektifikace ne&#382; d&iacute;vky a jejich sebehodnocen&iacute; je m&eacute;n&#283; spojeno se sebeobjektifikac&iacute;. Internalizace medi&aacute;ln&iacute;ch ide&aacute;l&#367; atraktivity zalo&#382;en&yacute;ch na genderu p&#345;edstavuje kl&iacute;&#269;ovou slo&#382;ku v multidimenzion&aacute;ln&iacute;m procesu sebeobjektifikace (Vandenbosch &amp; Eggermont, 2012). Internalizace ide&aacute;l&#367; kr&aacute;sy se t&yacute;k&aacute; m&iacute;ry, do jak&eacute; jedinec pova&#382;uje spole&#269;ensk&eacute; normy velikosti oble&#269;en&iacute; a vzhledu za vhodn&eacute; standardy pro sv&#367;j vlastn&iacute; vzhled. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opakovan&eacute; zku&scaron;enosti se sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; objektifikac&iacute; postupn&#283; podporuj&iacute; jej&iacute; internalizaci<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;, kte&#345;&iacute; si internalizovali medi&aacute;ln&iacute; ide&aacute;ly, v&#283;&#345;&iacute;, &#382;e by m&#283;li vypadat jako celebrity, kter&eacute; vid&iacute; v m&eacute;di&iacute;ch. To koreluje se sebeobjektifikac&iacute;. Genderov&#283; specifick&eacute; estetick&eacute; modely ur&#269;uj&iacute;, &#382;e &#382;eny jsou cen&#283;ny pro svou reproduk&#269;n&iacute; s&iacute;lu, sv&#367;dnost a pro to, &#382;e se sv&yacute;m &scaron;t&iacute;hl&yacute;m t&#283;lem l&iacute;b&iacute; ostatn&iacute;m. V p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283; mu&#382;&#367; k&aacute;nony kr&aacute;sy up&#345;ednost&#328;uj&iacute; t&#283;lesnou s&iacute;lu a schopnost vykon&aacute;vat &#269;innosti.<\/span><\/p><h4><span style=\"font-size: 20.8px;\">9.4.2<\/span><strong>.2. <b>Sexualizace v reklam&#283;, televizi, m&eacute;di&iacute;ch a videohr&aacute;ch<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; a emocion&aacute;ln&iacute; v&yacute;voj d&#283;t&iacute; a dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t ovlivn&#283;n vystaven&iacute;m reklam&#283; a marketingu, kter&eacute; jsou p&#345;esyceny sexualizovan&yacute;mi obrazy. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Online m&eacute;dia maj&iacute; ve srovn&aacute;n&iacute; s televiz&iacute; v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; vliv na sebeobjektifikaci<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, co&#382; pravd&#283;podobn&#283; souvis&iacute; s vysoce interaktivn&iacute;mi, interperson&aacute;ln&iacute;mi a vizu&aacute;ln&iacute;mi charakteristikami soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch m&eacute;di&iacute; (Karsay et al. 2018). Popul&aacute;rn&iacute; m&eacute;dia a videohry mezi dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;mi jsou pln&eacute; objektifikuj&iacute;c&iacute;ch obraz&#367;, p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m &#382;en, ale st&aacute;le &#269;ast&#283;ji se objevuj&iacute; i sexualizuj&iacute;c&iacute; medi&aacute;ln&iacute; obrazy mu&#382;&#367; a osob dal&scaron;&iacute;ch genderov&yacute;ch identit. T&#283;la, kter&aacute; se na sn&iacute;mc&iacute;ch objevuj&iacute;, jsou &#269;asto hodnocena jako objekty. Estetick&aacute; hodnota je d&#367;le&#382;it&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; ne&#382; jak&yacute;koliv jin&yacute; aspekt (viz n&#283;kter&eacute; p&#345;&iacute;klady na obr&aacute;zku 15).<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/una-caricatura-de-una-persona-descripcion-generad-2.png\" alt=\"Una caricatura de una persona Descripci&oacute;n generada autom&aacute;ticamente con confianza baja\"\/><\/p><h6>Obr&aacute;zek 15. P&#345;&iacute;klady sexualizace<\/h6><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jedn&iacute;m ze zp&#367;sob&#367; sexualizace na soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch s&iacute;t&iacute;ch jsou <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sugestivn&iacute; selfie<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kter&aacute; se vyzna&#269;uj&iacute; sexy pohledem, sexy nebo polonah&yacute;m oble&#269;en&iacute;m, sexy postojem a sexy vzhledem. Dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; d&iacute;vky, kter&eacute; prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m Instagramu vystavuj&iacute; sv&#367;j obraz, spole&#269;ensky odm&#283;&#328;ovan&yacute;&nbsp; &bdquo;lajky&ldquo;, se mohou st&aacute;t emancipovan&yacute;mi. Toto pos&iacute;len&iacute; je ale iluz&iacute; autonomie, proto&#382;e posiluje sexistick&yacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute; syst&eacute;m, v n&#283;m&#382; jsou &#382;eny oce&#328;ov&aacute;ny pro sv&#367;j vzhled. Ve videohr&aacute;ch jsou postavy &#269;asto zobrazov&aacute;ny se sexu&aacute;ln&#283; odhaluj&iacute;c&iacute;m oble&#269;en&iacute;m nebo &#269;&aacute;ste&#269;n&#283; nah&eacute;, &#269;asto maj&iacute; tak&eacute; nerealistick&eacute; t&#283;lesn&eacute; proporce. Toto se t&yacute;k&aacute; zejm&eacute;na &#382;ensk&yacute;ch postav, kter&eacute; jsou sexualizov&aacute;ny v&iacute;ce ne&#382; jin&iacute; avata&#345;i.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexualizace m&#367;&#382;e m&iacute;t <\/span><b>negativn&iacute; dopad na <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o soubor my&scaron;lenek a pocit&#367; &#269;lov&#283;ka v&#367;&#269;i vlastn&iacute;mu t&#283;lu a vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; sv&eacute; atraktivity a schopnost&iacute;, jako&#382; i vztah k sob&#283; sam&eacute;mu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/vnimani-vlastniho-tela\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la<\/a> (body image<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), &#269;&iacute;m&#382; se u dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch zvy&scaron;uje starost o vlastn&iacute; t&#283;lo. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tr&aacute;ven&iacute; &#269;asu na sexualizovan&yacute;ch soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch s&iacute;t&iacute;ch, jako je Instagram, souvis&iacute; s vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute;m hodnocen&iacute;m vzhledu, kontrolou t&#283;la a sebeobjektifikac&iacute; u &#382;en<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Cohen et al., 2017). Doch&aacute;z&iacute; k tomu proto, &#382;e pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; Instagramu podporuje u &#382;en internalizaci ide&aacute;lu kr&aacute;sy a tendence ke srovn&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; vzhledu.&nbsp; P&#345;ib&yacute;v&aacute; d&#367;kaz&#367;, &#382;e se to m&#367;&#382;e t&yacute;kat i mu&#382;&#367;, i kdy&#382; ti maj&iacute; tendenci k ni&#382;&scaron;&iacute; m&iacute;&#345;e sebeobjektifikace. Zd&aacute; se, &#382;e konzumace&nbsp; &bdquo;fitspiration&ldquo; obr&aacute;zk&#367; (obsah s fitness inspirac&iacute;) na Instagramu p&#345;edpov&iacute;d&aacute; nespokojenost s t&#283;lem prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m internalizace ide&aacute;lu svalnat&eacute; postavy a srovn&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; vzhledu u mlad&yacute;ch mu&#382;&#367; (Fatt et al. 2019).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pokud jde o televizi, je z&#345;ejm&eacute;, &#382;e popul&aacute;rn&iacute; sitcomy se obecn&#283; &#345;&iacute;d&iacute; stereotypn&iacute;m heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m sc&eacute;n&aacute;&#345;em (Kim et al., 2007). Kl&iacute;&#269;ov&yacute;m aspektem tohoto sc&eacute;n&aacute;&#345;e je posedlost mu&#382;&#367; &#382;ensk&yacute;mi t&#283;ly a sexualizace &#382;en.&nbsp; Pozorov&aacute;n&iacute; model&#367; podn&#283;cuje dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; k p&#345;ej&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; praktik t&#283;chto model&#367;, &#269;&iacute;m&#382; se &#345;&iacute;d&iacute; jejich vlastn&iacute; postoje a chov&aacute;n&iacute;. Pokud pozoruj&iacute; atraktivn&iacute; vzory nebo vrstevn&iacute;ky (nap&#345;. na Facebooku nebo ve filmech), kte&#345;&iacute; objektifikuj&iacute; ostatn&iacute;, mohou si dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; s v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; pravd&#283;podobnost&iacute; vytvo&#345;it objektiviza&#269;n&iacute; kognitivn&iacute; skript. A&#269;koliv p&#345;&iacute;klady z m&eacute;di&iacute;, zejm&eacute;na televize, maj&iacute; tendenci prezentovat objektifikaci v heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m kontextu, m&#367;&#382;e se to zobecnit tak, &#382;e se <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; nau&#269;&iacute; posuzovat sv&eacute; p&#345;&aacute;tele stejn&eacute;ho <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich fyzick&eacute;ho vzhledu<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, tak&#382;e se pono&#345;&iacute; do cyklu mezi sebeobjektifikac&iacute; a objektifikac&iacute; p&#345;&aacute;tel. Nesm&iacute;me zapom&iacute;nat, &#382;e p&#345;ijet&iacute; vrstevn&iacute;ky je pro dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; prim&aacute;rn&iacute; motivac&iacute;. Kdy&#382; se nau&#269;&iacute; v&iacute;ce oce&#328;ovat fyzick&yacute; vzhled sv&yacute;ch p&#345;&aacute;tel a m&eacute;n&#283; &#382;ivotn&#283; d&#367;le&#382;it&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; atributy p&#345;&aacute;telstv&iacute;, jako je d&#367;v&#283;ra a intimita, m&#367;&#382;e to v&eacute;st k po&scaron;kozen&iacute; kvality mezilidsk&yacute;ch vztah&#367; (Vaes et al., 2011).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lze shrnout, &#382;e v m&iacute;&#345;e, v jak&eacute; se d&#283;ti\/dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; zam&#283;&#345;uj&iacute; na sexualizaci sebe sama (a ostatn&iacute;ch) nam&iacute;sto toho, aby se v&#283;novaly jin&yacute;m, v&#283;ku p&#345;im&#283;&#345;en&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;m &#269;innostem, mohou b&yacute;t ovlivn&#283;ny v&scaron;echny aspekty jejich v&yacute;voje.<\/span><\/p><h4><span style=\"font-size: 20.8px;\">9.4.2<\/span><strong>.3. <b>Poruchy p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tri&aacute;da <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexismus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Je definov&aacute;n jako diskrimina&#269;n&iacute; postoj zalo&#382;en&yacute; na p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;nosti k biologick&eacute;mu pohlav&iacute;, jemu&#382; jsou p&#345;isuzov&aacute;ny specifick&eacute; vlastnosti.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexismus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexismus<\/a>-objektifikace-nerealistick&eacute; estetick&eacute; normy (viz obr&aacute;zek 16) vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; &#382;ivnou p&#367;du pro rozvoj poruch p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy (PPP). Poruchy p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy p&#345;edstavuj&iacute; skupinu du&scaron;evn&iacute;ch poruch charakterizovan&yacute;ch v&yacute;skytem zm&#283;n&#283;n&eacute;ho chov&aacute;n&iacute; p&#345;i p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy, obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem kontroly hmotnosti. To d&aacute;le vede k fyzick&yacute;m probl&eacute;m&#367;m a ke zhor&scaron;en&iacute; psychosoci&aacute;ln&iacute;ho fungov&aacute;n&iacute;. Mezi PPP pat&#345;&iacute; mimo jin&eacute; anorexie a bulimie. &#381;&aacute;dn&aacute; jin&aacute; klinick&aacute; patologie nevykazuje tak konzistentn&iacute; rozd&iacute;ly v prevalen&#269;n&iacute;ch studi&iacute;ch mezi pohlav&iacute;mi jako PPP, tak&#382;e je nepochybn&eacute;, &#382;e <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexismus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Je definov&aacute;n jako diskrimina&#269;n&iacute; postoj zalo&#382;en&yacute; na p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;nosti k biologick&eacute;mu pohlav&iacute;, jemu&#382; jsou p&#345;isuzov&aacute;ny specifick&eacute; vlastnosti.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexismus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexismus<\/a> s t&iacute;m m&aacute; mnoho spole&#269;n&eacute;ho. Pom&#283;r mu&#382;&#367; a &#382;en u PPP je p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; 1:10 (Kerremans, Claes, &amp; Bijttebier, 2010). Tyto rozd&iacute;ly mezi gendery se vyskytuj&iacute; i u t&#283;ch, kte&#345;&iacute; nespl&#328;uj&iacute; diagnostick&aacute; krit&eacute;ria, co&#382; je mezi dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;mi velmi &#269;ast&eacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/diagrama-descripcion-generada-automaticamente-1.png\" alt=\"Diagrama Descripci&oacute;n generada autom&aacute;ticamente\"\/><\/p><h6>Obr&aacute;zek 16. Zprost&#345;edkovatel&eacute; poruch p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy<\/h6><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N&#283;kter&eacute; studie poukazuj&iacute; na to, &#382;e PPP podmi&#328;uj&iacute; rozd&iacute;ly v mocensk&eacute; dynamice mezi mu&#382;i a &#382;enami a pot&#345;ebu pod&#345;&iacute;dit se, zat&iacute;mco jin&eacute; zd&#367;raz&#328;uj&iacute; sexistick&yacute; vliv masm&eacute;di&iacute;. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;evl&aacute;daj&iacute;c&iacute; standard kr&aacute;sy v na&scaron;&iacute; spole&#269;nosti jist&#283; zprost&#345;edkov&aacute;v&aacute; vztah mezi sexismem a probl&eacute;my souvisej&iacute;c&iacute;mi s vlastn&iacute; body image a stravov&aacute;n&iacute;m<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; s v&yacute;razn&yacute;m sklonem k benevolentn&iacute;mu sexismu, kte&#345;&iacute; vykazuj&iacute; sexistick&eacute; p&#345;em&yacute;&scaron;len&iacute; a chov&aacute;n&iacute;, (jako je nap&#345;&iacute;klad intenzivn&iacute; pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; kosmetiky, oble&#269;en&iacute; a &#269;asn&eacute; sv&#367;dn&eacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute;) se obvi&#328;uj&iacute;, kdy&#382; jejich obraz t&#283;la neodpov&iacute;d&aacute; ide&aacute;ln&iacute;mu vzoru &scaron;t&iacute;hlosti, a uchyluj&iacute; se k nezdrav&eacute;mu chov&aacute;n&iacute; charakteristick&eacute;mu pro PPP (Forbes et al., 2005). Tato data zd&#367;raz&#328;uj&iacute; v&yacute;znam snahy zav&eacute;st v d&#283;tstv&iacute; kritick&eacute; hodnocen&iacute; sexistick&yacute;ch estetick&yacute;ch a t&#283;lesn&yacute;ch vzor&#367;, kter&eacute; jsou idealizov&aacute;ny v r&#367;zn&yacute;ch m&eacute;di&iacute;ch.<\/span><\/p><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> &ndash; 9.4.3. DISKRIMINA&#268;N&Iacute; SITUACE K T&Eacute;MATU &ndash; <i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N&#283;kdy nen&iacute; vztah mezi objektifikac&iacute; a diskriminac&iacute; na prvn&iacute; pohled tak snadno viditeln&yacute; a je maskov&aacute;n principy osvobozen&iacute; a zplnomocn&#283;n&iacute;. Jak&aacute;koliv situace objektifikace v&scaron;ak stav&iacute; objekt (v tomto p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283; &#382;eny a jin&eacute; femininn&iacute; osoby) do situace m&eacute;n&#283;cennosti v&#367;&#269;i ostatn&iacute;m v tom smyslu, &#382;e nejsou vid&#283;ny jako komplexn&iacute; osoby, a se v&scaron;emi negativn&iacute;mi d&#367;sledky, kter&eacute; to m&#367;&#382;e p&#345;in&eacute;st. Objektifikace p&#345;en&aacute;&scaron;&iacute; deformovan&yacute; pohled na &#382;eny a jejich roli ve spole&#269;nosti. To mohou ilustrovat n&#283;kter&eacute; situace:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Skupiny d&iacute;vek, kter&eacute; zvy&scaron;uj&iacute; sv&#367;j status mezi vrstevnicemi a vrstevn&iacute;ky t&iacute;m, &#382;e nahr&aacute;vaj&iacute; tik-toky, na nich&#382; maj&iacute; odhaluj&iacute;c&iacute; oble&#269;en&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; femininn&iacute; osoby, kter&eacute; zakl&aacute;daj&iacute; sv&eacute; sebev&#283;dom&iacute; na tom, &#382;e jsou pro sv&eacute; vrstevnick&eacute; okol&iacute; fyzicky atraktivn&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D&iacute;vka, kter&aacute; dost&aacute;v&aacute; koment&aacute;&#345;e o sv&eacute;m fyzick&eacute;m vzhledu od ciz&iacute;ch lid&iacute;, kdy&#382; jde po ulici.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hypersexualizovan&eacute; kost&yacute;my ur&#269;en&eacute; femininn&iacute;m osob&aacute;m, nap&#345;&iacute;klad kost&yacute;m zdravotn&iacute; sestry, kter&yacute; se u chlapce skl&aacute;d&aacute; z kalhot a tri&#269;ka a u d&iacute;vky z kr&aacute;tk&yacute;ch p&#345;il&eacute;hav&yacute;ch &scaron;at&#367; s v&yacute;st&#345;ihem.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D&iacute;vka, kterou spolu&#382;&aacute;ci vyberou jako t&#345;&iacute;dn&iacute; deleg&aacute;tku, proto&#382;e je velmi hezk&aacute;. Jin&eacute; schopnosti, kter&eacute; mohou b&yacute;t pro danou roli d&#367;le&#382;it&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;, nejsou br&aacute;ny v &uacute;vahu. Diskriminov&aacute;ni jsou i jin&iacute; m&eacute;n&#283; atraktivn&iacute; kandid&aacute;ti a kandid&aacute;tky, kte&#345;&iacute; by mohli b&yacute;t zcela kompetentn&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>9.4.4. P&#344;&Iacute;KLADY DOBR&Eacute; PRAXE<\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vyu&#382;ijte audiovizu&aacute;ln&iacute; materi&aacute;ly (reklamy, p&#345;&iacute;sp&#283;vky na Instagramu, televizn&iacute; seri&aacute;ly), kter&eacute; mohou b&yacute;t studuj&iacute;c&iacute;m zn&aacute;m&eacute;, abyste spole&#269;n&#283; odhalovali a analyzovali sexistick&eacute;, objektifikuj&iacute;c&iacute; a sexualizuj&iacute;c&iacute; prvky.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podporujte kritick&eacute; my&scaron;len&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vyhn&#283;te se koment&aacute;&#345;&#367;m a kompliment&#367;m zam&#283;&#345;en&yacute;m na fyzick&yacute; vzhled.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>9.4.5. REFERENCE<\/h3><p>Baldissarri, C., Andrighetto, L., Gabbiadini, A., Valtorta, R. R., Sacino, A., &amp; Volpato, C. (2019). Do Self-Objectified Women Believe Themselves to Be Free? Sexual Objectification and Belief in Personal Free Will. <em>Frontiers of Psychology, 10<\/em>, 1867. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01867<\/p><p>Calogero, R. M., Tantleff-Dunn, S. E., &amp; Thompson, J. (2011). Self-objectification in women: causes, consequences, and counteractions. American Psychological Association.<\/p><p>Cohen, R., Newton-John, T., &amp; Slater, A. (2017). The relationship between Facebook and Instagram appearance-focused activities and body image concerns in young women. Body Image, 23, 183&ndash;187. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.10.002\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.10.002<\/a><\/p><p>Davidson, M. M., &amp; Gervais, S. J. (2015). Violence Against Women Through the Lens of Objectification Theory. <em>Violence Against Women, 21 (3)<\/em>, 330-354.<\/p><p>Forbes, G. B., Adams-Curtis, L. E., Jobe, R. L., White, K. B., Revak, J., Zivcic-Becirevic, L., &amp; Pokrajac-Bulian, A. (2005). Body dissatisfaction in college women and their mothers: Cohort effects, developmental effects, and the infl uences of body size, sexism, and the thin body idea. Sex Roles, 53, 281-296.<\/p><p>Fredrickson, B. L., &amp; Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women&rsquo;s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173&ndash;206. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x<\/a><\/p><p>Heflick, N. A., Goldenberg, J. L., Cooper, D. P., &amp; Puvia, E. (2011). From women to objects: Appearance focus, target <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a>, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 572&ndash;581. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j<\/a>. jesp.2010.12.020<\/p><p>Kahalon, R., Shnabel, N., &amp; Becker, J. C. (2018). Positive stereo-types, negative outcomes: Reminders of the positive compo-nents of complementary <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> stereotypes impairperformance in counter-stereotypical tasks. British Journal of Social Psychology, 57, 482&ndash;502. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/<\/a> bjso.12240<\/p><p>Karsay, K., Knoll, J., &amp; Matthes, J. (2017). Sexualizing media use and self-objectification: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, advance online publication, 42, 9&ndash;28. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10<\/a>. 1177\/0361684317743019.<\/p><p>Kerremans, A, Claes, L., &amp; Bijttebier, P. (2010). Disordered eating in adolescent males and females: Associations with temperament, emotional and behavioural problems, and perceived self-competence. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 955-960.<\/p><p>Kim, J. L., Sorsoli, C. L., Collins, K., Zylbergold, B. A., Schooler, D., &amp; Tolman, D. L. (2007). From sex to sexuality: Exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 145&ndash;157. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224490701263660\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224490701263660<\/a><\/p><p>Nussbaum, M. (1995). Objectification. Philos. Public Aff. 24(4), 249&ndash;291. doi:10.1111\/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x<\/p><p>Peat, C. M., &amp; Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2011). Self-objectification, disordered eating, and depression: A test of mediational pathways. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 441&ndash;450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361684311400389<\/p><p>Vandenbosch, L., &amp; Eggermont, S. (2012). Understanding sexual objectification: A comprehensive approach toward media exposure and girls&rsquo; internalization of beauty ideals, self&#8208;objectification, and body surveillance. Journal of Communication, 62, 869-887. doi:10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01667.x<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#381;eny jsou &#269;ast&#283;ji ne&#382; mu&#382;i hodnoceny na z&aacute;klad&#283; toho, jak vypadaj&iacute;, jsou ztoto&#382;&#328;ov&aacute;ny se sv&yacute;m fyzick&yacute;m vzhledem a redukov&aacute;ny na n&aacute;stroje pro pot&#283;&scaron;en&iacute; druh&yacute;ch. Tomu se &#345;&iacute;k&aacute; objektifikace. &#381;eny v z&aacute;padn&iacute;ch spole&#269;nostech se od &uacute;tl&eacute;ho v&#283;ku u&#269;&iacute;, &#382;e se na jejich t&#283;lo d&iacute;vaj&iacute; a hodnot&iacute; je ostatn&iacute;. V d&#367;sledku toho si &#382;eny za&#269;&iacute;naj&iacute; v&aacute;&#382;it vlastn&iacute;ho [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":10151,"menu_order":31,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-10293","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10293","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10293"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10293\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10151"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10293"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=10293"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}