{"id":10151,"date":"2023-04-04T16:49:44","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T16:49:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/9-environment-influences-6369\/"},"modified":"2023-05-13T17:07:36","modified_gmt":"2023-05-13T17:07:36","slug":"9-environment-influences-6369","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/9-environment-influences-6369\/","title":{"rendered":"9. VLIVY PROST\u0158ED\u00cd"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10151\" class=\"elementor elementor-10151 elementor-6369\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1a6ecc2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1a6ecc2\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-41c624b4\" data-id=\"41c624b4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1c4f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b1c4f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_an_LGTBQ_person_suffering_the_consequences_of_nega_8508875d-4a0c-4eea-8e5e-9ce268dcc593-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8685\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_an_LGTBQ_person_suffering_the_consequences_of_nega_8508875d-4a0c-4eea-8e5e-9ce268dcc593-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_an_LGTBQ_person_suffering_the_consequences_of_nega_8508875d-4a0c-4eea-8e5e-9ce268dcc593-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_an_LGTBQ_person_suffering_the_consequences_of_nega_8508875d-4a0c-4eea-8e5e-9ce268dcc593-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_an_LGTBQ_person_suffering_the_consequences_of_nega_8508875d-4a0c-4eea-8e5e-9ce268dcc593-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_an_LGTBQ_person_suffering_the_consequences_of_nega_8508875d-4a0c-4eea-8e5e-9ce268dcc593-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_an_LGTBQ_person_suffering_the_consequences_of_nega_8508875d-4a0c-4eea-8e5e-9ce268dcc593.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-514162e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"514162e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dba0cef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dba0cef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stereotypy n&aacute;m umo&#382;&#328;uj&iacute; interpretovat realitu prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m t&#345;&iacute;d&#283;n&iacute; skupin lid&iacute;, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; ur&#269;it&eacute; spole&#269;n&eacute; charakteristiky. Jsou proto zodpov&#283;dn&eacute; za d&#367;le&#382;itou &#269;&aacute;st zpracov&aacute;n&iacute; informac&iacute;, kter&eacute; vn&iacute;m&aacute;me. Pokud bychom stereotypy neuplat&#328;ovali, &#269;asto bychom nebyli schopni v&#283;novat pozornost tolika informac&iacute;m, a to by n&aacute;m zt&#283;&#382;ovalo schopnost rozhodovat se a komunikovat s ostatn&iacute;mi lidmi.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proto&#382;e stereotypy ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; na&scaron;e vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute;, je nutn&eacute; je um&#283;t rozpoznat, abychom je mohli v p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283; pot&#345;eby odbour&aacute;vat.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jako p&#345;edsudky ozna&#269;ujeme postoje, kter&eacute; vych&aacute;zej&iacute; ze stereotyp&#367; a kter&eacute;, a&#269;koliv mohou b&yacute;t pozitivn&iacute;, se zpravidla vztahuj&iacute; k negativn&iacute;mu hodnocen&iacute; stereotypizovan&yacute;ch skupin.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;edsudky mohou v&eacute;st k diskriminaci osob pat&#345;&iacute;c&iacute;ch ke stereotypizovanm skupin&aacute;m kv&#367;li r&#367;zn&yacute;m faktor&#367;m, nap&#345;&iacute;klad kv&#367;li vn&iacute;man&eacute; v&#345;elosti a kompetenc&iacute;m nebo na z&aacute;klad&#283; konkuren&#269;n&iacute; a konfliktn&iacute; situace, ale nemus&iacute; tomu tak b&yacute;t v&#382;dy.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;&iacute;tomnost stigmatizace a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> nam&iacute;&#345;en&aacute; proti <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> lidem m&#367;&#382;e zp&#367;sobit, &#382;e si p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&iacute;ci takov&eacute;to skupiny stigma zvnit&#345;n&iacute;, co&#382; u nich vyvol&aacute;v&aacute; pocity sebeodm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a viny.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22f815e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22f815e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>9.1. &Uacute;VOD<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lid&eacute; jednaj&iacute; na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; reality. Toto vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; se li&scaron;&iacute; v z&aacute;vislosti na mnoha faktorech, a proto lid&eacute; mohou na stejnou situaci reagovat velmi odli&scaron;n&#283;. Na individu&aacute;ln&iacute; &uacute;rovni existuje velk&eacute; mno&#382;stv&iacute; kognitivn&iacute;ch zkreslen&iacute;, kter&aacute; n&aacute;s ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; ka&#382;d&yacute; den. Mezi ty nejb&#283;&#382;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; pat&#345;&iacute; nap&#345;&iacute;klad n&aacute;sleduj&iacute;c&iacute; t&#345;i:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Potvrzuj&iacute;c&iacute; zkreslen&iacute;: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ozna&#269;uje tendenci vyhled&aacute;vat, up&#345;ednost&#328;ovat, interpretovat nebo p&#345;ipom&iacute;nat si informace zp&#367;sobem, kter&yacute; potvrd&iacute; n&#283;co, o &#269;em jsme se ji&#382; rozhodli, nebo kter&yacute; podpo&#345;&iacute; na&scaron;e dlouhodob&aacute; p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;en&iacute; a p&#345;edpoklady.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Selektivn&iacute; zkreslen&iacute; pozorov&aacute;n&iacute;: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doch&aacute;z&iacute; k n&#283;mu, kdy&#382; svou pozornost zam&#283;&#345;&iacute;me na n&#283;co na z&aacute;klad&#283; na&scaron;ich o&#269;ek&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; a zanedb&aacute;me tak ostatn&iacute; informace<\/span><b>.<\/b><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dostupnostn&iacute; heuristika: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Je tendence spol&eacute;hat se p&#345;i vytv&aacute;&#345;en&iacute; &uacute;sudk&#367; na bezprost&#345;edn&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;klady, kter&eacute; n&aacute;s napadnou.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na skupinov&eacute; &uacute;rovni jsou zn&aacute;my i dal&scaron;&iacute; faktory, kter&eacute; v&yacute;znamn&#283; ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; na&scaron;e vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; reality a rozhodov&aacute;n&iacute;, nap&#345;&iacute;klad p&#367;soben&iacute; konformity nebo soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ho n&aacute;tlaku v&#283;t&scaron;iny na men&scaron;iny.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V tomto t&eacute;matu p&#345;&iacute;ru&#269;ky se zam&#283;&#345;&iacute;me na t&#345;i kl&iacute;&#269;ov&eacute; pojmy, kter&eacute; n&aacute;s tak&eacute; neust&aacute;le ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; ve vztahu ke vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; na&scaron;eho okol&iacute; a chov&aacute;n&iacute;: stereotypy, p&#345;edsudky a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a>. Nejprve se pod&iacute;v&aacute;me na to, jak n&aacute;s ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; na obecn&eacute; rovin&#283;. N&aacute;sledn&#283; pop&iacute;&scaron;eme, jak se uplat&#328;uj&iacute; u konkr&eacute;tn&iacute;ch skupin lid&iacute;, co&#382; n&aacute;m pom&#367;&#382;e pochopit dal&scaron;&iacute; pojmy, kter&eacute; jsou pro 9-15let&eacute; d&#283;ti z&aacute;sadn&iacute; pro navazov&aacute;n&iacute; zdrav&yacute;ch mezilidsk&yacute;ch vztah&#367; uvnit&#345; jejich vrstevnick&yacute;ch skupin.<\/span><\/p><h3>9.2. ROZVOJ T&Eacute;MATU<\/h3><h4><strong>9.2.1. Stereotypy<\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Z kognitivn&iacute;ho hlediska se <\/span><b>stereotypy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> skl&aacute;daj&iacute; ze souboru sd&iacute;len&yacute;ch p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;en&iacute; o charakteristik&aacute;ch, osobn&iacute;ch vlastnostech a chov&aacute;n&iacute;, kter&eacute; maj&iacute; &#269;lenov&eacute; skupiny (Hamilton &amp; Sherman, 1994). Tato p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;en&iacute; jsou proto vz&aacute;jemn&#283; strukturovan&aacute; a propojen&aacute;. Stereotypy se t&yacute;kaj&iacute; jak osobnostn&iacute;ch rys&#367;, tak i chov&aacute;n&iacute;, fyzick&yacute;ch charakteristik, rol&iacute;, typ&#367; povol&aacute;n&iacute; apod. a jsou vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako kategorie, kter&eacute; dod&aacute;vaj&iacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute;mu prost&#345;ed&iacute; soudr&#382;nost (Tajfel, 1969). <\/span><b>Stereotypn&iacute; p&#345;edsudky<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za d&#367;sledek omezenosti kognitivn&iacute; kapacity pro zpracov&aacute;n&iacute; informac&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stereotypy nelze vytrhnout ze soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ho a kulturn&iacute;ho kontextu, v n&#283;m&#382; existuj&iacute;. Jsou sd&iacute;leny velk&yacute;m po&#269;tem lid&iacute;. Mimoto vych&aacute;zej&iacute; ze vztah&#367; mezi velk&yacute;mi soci&aacute;ln&iacute;mi skupinami nebo entitami a jsou jimi strukturov&aacute;ny. Navzdory individu&aacute;ln&iacute;m odli&scaron;nostem jsou stereotypy v r&aacute;mci kultury &scaron;iroce sd&iacute;len&eacute;. M&#367;&#382;eme je proto ch&aacute;pat jako spole&#269;ensky sd&iacute;len&eacute; kategorie, kter&eacute; p&#345;esahuj&iacute; r&aacute;mec jednotlivc&#367; a kter&eacute; si osvojujeme p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m socializace.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stereotypy pln&iacute; funkce na individu&aacute;ln&iacute; i soci&aacute;ln&iacute; &uacute;rovni. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Individu&aacute;ln&iacute; funkce<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Tajfel, 1984) jsou n&aacute;sleduj&iacute;c&iacute;:<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Systematizuj&iacute; a zjednodu&scaron;uj&iacute; jinak slo&#382;it&eacute; a rozmanit&eacute; podn&#283;ty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kter&eacute; p&#345;ij&iacute;m&aacute;me zven&#269;&iacute; (Huici, 1999; Morales &amp; Moy&aacute;, 1996a). Proces kategorizace by vedl k tomu, &#382;e by lid&eacute; vn&iacute;mali &#269;leny dal&scaron;&iacute;ch skupin (outgroups) rozd&iacute;ln&#283; ne&#382; &#269;leny sv&eacute; vlastn&iacute; skupiny (ingroup). To by vedlo k tomu, &#382;e &#269;lenov&eacute; vlastn&iacute; skupiny by byli vn&iacute;m&aacute;ni jako sob&#283; podobn&iacute;, &#382;e maj&iacute; &#345;adu spole&#269;n&yacute;ch charakteristik, zat&iacute;mco &#269;lenov&eacute; jin&yacute;ch skupin (outgroups) by byli vn&iacute;m&aacute;ni jako osoby, kter&eacute; maj&iacute; zna&#269;n&#283; odli&scaron;n&eacute; charakteristiky od p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&iacute;k&#367; vlastn&iacute; skupiny. Fakt, &#382;e p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&iacute;ky vlastn&iacute; skupinu vn&iacute;m&aacute;me jako podobn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; v porovn&aacute;n&iacute; s p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&iacute;ky outgroups, d&aacute;v&aacute; vzniknout tzv. ingroup favoritizmu, tj. tendenci up&#345;ednost&#328;ovat na&scaron;i skupinu p&#345;ed lidmi z jin&yacute;ch skupin.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p>&nbsp;<\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chr&aacute;n&iacute; a br&aacute;n&iacute; lidsk&yacute; hodnotov&yacute; syst&eacute;m. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Skute&#269;nost, &#382;e stereotypy jsou sd&iacute;len&eacute;, znamen&aacute;, &#382;e se snadno upev&#328;uj&iacute;, a proto by bylo zapot&#345;eb&iacute; mnoha informac&iacute; a d&#367;kaz&#367; k vyvr&aacute;cen&iacute; nebo dekonstrukci stereotypu, ale naopak m&aacute;lo informac&iacute; k jejich potvrzen&iacute;. Z toho vypl&yacute;v&aacute; odpor ke zm&#283;n&#283; stereotyp&#367;, zejm&eacute;na pokud se <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Stereotyp&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;P&#345;edstavuje soubor sd&iacute;len&yacute;ch p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;en&iacute; o charakteristik&aacute;ch, osobn&iacute;ch vlastnostech a chov&aacute;n&iacute;, kter&eacute; se t&yacute;kaj&iacute; &#269;len&#367; ur&#269;it&eacute; skupiny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/stereotyp\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">stereotyp<\/a> vztahuje ke skupin&#283; nebo kategorii, kter&eacute; si jedinec vysoce cen&iacute; (Campbell, 1967; Morales &amp; Moy&aacute;, 1996b).<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak je patrn&eacute; z obr&aacute;zku 11, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">soci&aacute;ln&iacute; funkce stereotyp&#367;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> jsou n&aacute;sleduj&iacute;c&iacute; (Tajfel, 1984):<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10412 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_11-300x267.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_11-300x267.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_11-20x18.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_11.png 754w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"\/><\/p><h6>Obr&aacute;zek 11. Soci&aacute;ln&iacute; funkce stereotyp&#367;&nbsp;<\/h6><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Umo&#382;&#328;uj&iacute; vysv&#283;tlovat soci&aacute;ln&iacute; realitu a jej&iacute; kauzalitu, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tj. slou&#382;&iacute; k vysv&#283;tlov&aacute;n&iacute; a racionalizaci soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch skute&#269;nost&iacute;. Stereotypy jsou <\/span><b>soci&aacute;ln&#283; konstruov&aacute;ny<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> za &uacute;&#269;elem p&#345;ipisov&aacute;n&iacute; vlastnost&iacute; &#269;len&#367;m stejn&eacute; skupiny na z&aacute;klad&#283; znak&#367;, kter&eacute; jsou u nich alespo&#328; povrchn&#283; obdobn&eacute;<\/span><b>.<\/b><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ospravedl&#328;uj&iacute; zp&#367;sob chov&aacute;n&iacute; v&#367;&#269;i p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&iacute;k&#367;m jin&yacute;ch skupin.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Pokud si mysl&iacute;me, &#382;e ur&#269;it&eacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute; skupiny maj&iacute; negativn&iacute; vlastnosti (jsou negativn&#283; stereotypov&aacute;ny), za&#269;neme se k nim chovat podle tohoto stereotypu, a tedy ospravedl&#328;ovat sv&eacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; samotn&yacute;m stereotypem. Nap&#345;&iacute;klad pokud si mysl&iacute;me, &#382;e dlouhodob&yacute; kontakt s homosexu&aacute;ln&iacute; osobou m&#367;&#382;e v jin&eacute; osob&#283; v&eacute;st k pocitu p&#345;ita&#382;livosti k lidem stejn&eacute;ho <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a>, nebudeme s n&iacute; t&eacute;m&#283;&#345; komunikovat ani j&iacute; neposkytneme pomoc, pokud ji bude pot&#345;ebovat, co&#382; zt&iacute;&#382;&iacute; jej&iacute; za&#269;len&#283;n&iacute; do spole&#269;nosti. Toto chov&aacute;n&iacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; v odm&iacute;tnut&iacute; poskytnut&iacute; pomoci by bylo od&#367;vodn&#283;no strachem z toho, &#382;e se z n&aacute;s &bdquo;stane&ldquo; homosexu&aacute;l. T&iacute;mto zp&#367;sobem bychom ospravedl&#328;ovali sv&eacute; postoje a chov&aacute;n&iacute; v&#367;&#269;i stereotypizovan&eacute; skupin&#283; homosexu&aacute;l&#367;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Zachov&aacute;n&iacute; pozitivn&iacute; identity vlastn&iacute; skupiny,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> zejm&eacute;na v situac&iacute;ch, kdy je ohro&#382;en zaveden&yacute; spole&#269;ensk&yacute; &#345;&aacute;d, tj. status quo (Campbell, 1967). Dokonce i v situac&iacute;ch, ve kter&yacute;ch p&#345;evl&aacute;d&aacute; rovnost&aacute;&#345;sk&eacute; sm&yacute;&scaron;len&iacute; mezi skupinami, lze z&iacute;skat pozitivn&iacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute; odli&scaron;nost mezi skupinami t&iacute;m, &#382;e se up&#345;ednost&#328;uje vlastn&iacute; skupina (ingroup) v nejd&#367;le&#382;it&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ch dimenz&iacute;ch a p&#345;izn&aacute;v&aacute; se pozitivita odli&scaron;n&yacute;ch skupin (outgroups), ale v m&eacute;n&#283; relevantn&iacute;ch dimenz&iacute;ch, a to zp&#367;sobem udr&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; nad&#345;azenosti vlastn&iacute; skupiny (ingroup)<\/span><b>.<\/b><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch skupin na z&aacute;klad&#283; r&#367;zn&yacute;ch stereotyp&#367; lze vysv&#283;tlit pomoc&iacute; tzv. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">modelu obsahu stereotyp&#367;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Podle tohoto modelu lid&eacute; hodnot&iacute; realitu na z&aacute;klad&#283; toho, co v&yacute;zkum naz&yacute;v&aacute; <\/span><b>v&#345;elost&iacute; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a <\/span><b>kompetenc&iacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. V&#345;elost n&aacute;m umo&#382;&#328;uje interpretovat z&aacute;m&#283;ry druh&yacute;ch lid&iacute; v&#367;&#269;i n&aacute;m a skl&aacute;d&aacute; se z vlastnost&iacute;, jako je d&#367;v&#283;ryhodnost, up&#345;&iacute;mnost, laskavost, n&aacute;klonnost atd. Kompetence n&aacute;m umo&#382;&#328;uje kategorizovat ostatn&iacute; z hlediska schopnosti dos&aacute;hnout jejich z&aacute;m&#283;r&#367; nebo c&iacute;l&#367; a skl&aacute;d&aacute; se z rys&#367;, jako je efektivita, kompetence, sebed&#367;v&#283;ra, inteligence atd. V z&aacute;vislosti na vn&iacute;man&eacute; v&#345;elosti a kompetentnosti &#269;len&#367; skupiny budou lid&eacute; na tuto skupinu reagovat r&#367;zn&#283; emocion&aacute;ln&#283;. V &#269;&aacute;sti v&#283;novan&eacute; p&#345;edsudk&#367;m d&aacute;le rozv&aacute;d&iacute;me mo&#382;n&eacute; kombinace.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>9.2.2. <b>P&#345;edsudky<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;P&#345;edsudek&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Je postoj, kter&yacute; m&aacute; p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m afektivn&iacute; slo&#382;ku a vych&aacute;z&iacute; ze stereotyp&#367; o lidech. V&#283;t&scaron;inou zahrnuje negativn&iacute; hodnocen&iacute; skupin, k nim&#382; se vztahuj&iacute;, i kdy&#382; v n&#283;kter&yacute;ch p&#345;&iacute;padech m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t takov&eacute; hodnocen&iacute; pozitivn&iacute;. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/predsudek\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">P&#345;edsudek<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">je pova&#382;ov&aacute;n za postoj, kter&yacute; m&aacute; p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m afektivn&iacute; slo&#382;ku a vych&aacute;z&iacute; ze stereotyp&#367; o lidech. V&#283;t&scaron;inou zahrnuje negativn&iacute; hodnocen&iacute; skupin, kter&yacute;ch se t&yacute;k&aacute; (Akrami, Ekehammar, &amp; Araya, 2006; Allport, 1954; Devine, 1989), i kdy&#382; v n&#283;kter&yacute;ch p&#345;&iacute;padech m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t takov&eacute; hodnocen&iacute; pozitivn&iacute;, jako je tomu nap&#345;&iacute;klad u modern&iacute;ch (subtiln&iacute;ch, skryt&yacute;ch) forem p&#345;edsudk&#367; (Akrami, Ekehammar, &amp; Araya, 2006; Allport, 1954; Devine, 1989), kter&eacute; vysv&#283;tl&iacute;me n&iacute;&#382;e.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Novodob&eacute; hodnoty tolerance a nediskriminace prosazovan&eacute; demokratick&yacute;m uspo&#345;&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute;m tedy zp&#367;sobily, &#382;e dnes vedle klasick&yacute;ch p&#345;edsudk&#367;, kter&eacute; se vyzna&#269;uj&iacute; nep&#345;&aacute;telsk&yacute;m a zjevn&yacute;m chov&aacute;n&iacute;m, existuj&iacute; i dal&scaron;&iacute;, m&eacute;n&#283; zjevn&eacute; projevy. V souladu s t&iacute;m Pettigrew a Meertens (1995) rozli&scaron;uj&iacute; pojmy subtiln&iacute; a zjevn&eacute; p&#345;edsudky.<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Zjevn&eacute; p&#345;edsudky:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> V&scaron;echny formy p&#345;&iacute;m&yacute;ch a nep&#345;&aacute;telsk&yacute;ch projev&#367; negativn&iacute;ch postoj&#367; v&#367;&#269;i p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&iacute;k&#367;m men&scaron;inov&yacute;ch skupin, kter&eacute; se projevuj&iacute; nap&#345;&iacute;klad pocitem ohro&#382;en&iacute; a odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; nebo odporem k navazov&aacute;n&iacute; osobn&iacute;ch kontakt&#367; s p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&iacute;ky men&scaron;inov&yacute;ch skupin.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Subtiln&iacute; p&#345;edsudky:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Projevuj&iacute; se nep&#345;&iacute;m&yacute;mi, distancovan&yacute;mi a soci&aacute;ln&#283; p&#345;izp&#367;sobiv&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;mi formami p&#345;edsude&#269;nosti, kter&eacute; se odvozuj&iacute; z obhajoby tradi&#269;n&iacute;ch hodnot ur&#269;it&eacute; skupiny a z&aacute;rove&#328; z p&#345;edstavy, &#382;e by je ur&#269;it&eacute; skupiny nerespektovaly. Zveli&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; kulturn&iacute;ch rozd&iacute;l&#367; k ospravedln&#283;n&iacute; m&eacute;n&#283;cenn&eacute;ho postaven&iacute; &#269;len&#367; znev&yacute;hodn&#283;n&yacute;ch soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch skupin a odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; pozitivn&iacute;ch emoc&iacute; v&#367;&#269;i jejich &#269;len&#367;m jsou dal&scaron;&iacute;mi dv&#283;ma &uacute;st&#345;edn&iacute;mi rysy tohoto typu p&#345;edsudk&#367;. N&#283;kdy se subtiln&iacute; p&#345;edsudky projevuj&iacute; stereotypizac&iacute;, kter&aacute; se na prvn&iacute; pohled jev&iacute; jako pozitivn&iacute; v&#367;&#269;i lidem z jin&eacute; skupiny, nicm&eacute;n&#283; je stav&iacute; do men&scaron;inov&eacute;ho nebo znehodnocen&eacute;ho postaven&iacute; z pohledu spole&#269;ensky cen&#283;n&yacute;ch kvalit. Bylo prok&aacute;z&aacute;no, &#382;e tat&aacute;&#382; osoba m&#367;&#382;e projevovat oba typy p&#345;edsudk&#367;.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vr&aacute;t&iacute;me-li se k modelu obsahu stereotyp&#367; (Fiske et al., 2002), pak kombinace vn&iacute;man&eacute; v&#345;elosti a vn&iacute;man&eacute; kompetence m&#367;&#382;e v&eacute;st ke <\/span><b>&#269;ty&#345;em typick&yacute;m emo&#269;n&iacute;m reakc&iacute;m<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>L&iacute;tost<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (vysok&aacute; v&#345;elost a n&iacute;zk&aacute; kompetence). Skupiny, kter&eacute; jsou vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako skupiny s n&iacute;zk&yacute;m statusem, jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za nekompetentn&iacute;, ale z&aacute;rove&#328; jsou vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako skupiny s vysokou m&iacute;rou v&#345;elosti, co&#382; vyvol&aacute;v&aacute; paternalistick&yacute; typ p&#345;edsudk&#367;. P&#345;&iacute;kladem skupin, kter&eacute; vyvol&aacute;vaj&iacute; tuto emocion&aacute;ln&iacute; reakci, jsou star&scaron;&iacute; lid&eacute; a zdravotn&#283; znev&yacute;hodn&#283;n&iacute;. Tyto skupiny maj&iacute; tendenci vyvol&aacute;vat soucit a sympatie (Weiner, 1980).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Z&aacute;vist <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(n&iacute;zk&aacute; v&#345;elost a vysok&aacute; kompetence). Soci&aacute;ln&iacute; skupiny, kter&eacute; jsou vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako kompetentn&iacute;, ale z&aacute;rove&#328; jako chladn&eacute;, &#269;asto vzbuzuj&iacute; z&aacute;vist a &#382;&aacute;rlivost. Pozitivn&iacute; str&aacute;nkou z&aacute;visti je, &#382;e tyto skupiny jsou vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako zna&#269;n&#283; kompetentn&iacute;, a tud&iacute;&#382; zodpov&#283;dn&eacute; za sv&#367;j &uacute;sp&#283;ch. Negativn&iacute; str&aacute;nkou v&scaron;ak je, &#382;e jsou sou&#269;asn&#283; vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako osoby, kter&yacute;m chyb&iacute; v&#345;elost, empatie a\/nebo &uacute;cta k druh&yacute;m, a jejich z&aacute;m&#283;ry jsou tak pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za nep&#345;&aacute;telsk&eacute; (Parrott &amp; Smith, 1993). Z&aacute;vistiv&eacute; p&#345;edsudky jsou jedn&iacute;m z mo&#382;n&yacute;ch d&#367;sledk&#367;, kter&eacute; se mohou objevit v d&#367;sledku soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ho porovn&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;, a podporuj&iacute; odpor lid&iacute;, proto&#382;e ti za&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; pocit, &#382;e jsou znev&yacute;hodn&#283;ni v&#367;&#269;i ostatn&iacute;m, kte&#345;&iacute; jsou hodnoceni jako v&yacute;razn&#283; kompetentn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; (Smith, 2000).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pohrd&aacute;n&iacute; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(n&iacute;zk&aacute; v&#345;elost a n&iacute;zk&aacute; kompetence). T&#345;et&iacute; mo&#382;nou kombinac&iacute; je vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; ur&#269;it&yacute;ch skupin jako nekompetentn&iacute;ch a chladn&yacute;ch, &#269;&iacute;m&#382; vznikaj&iacute; pohrdav&eacute; p&#345;edsudky. Takov&eacute; skupiny &#269;asto vyvol&aacute;vaj&iacute; antipatie, kter&eacute; vzbuzuj&iacute; hn&#283;v, pohrd&aacute;n&iacute;, odpor, nen&aacute;vist a z&aacute;&scaron;&#357;. Tyto emoce se objevuj&iacute; z d&#367;vodu p&#345;i&#269;&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; odpov&#283;dnosti t&#283;chto lid&iacute; za jejich negativn&iacute; v&yacute;sledky, jako by bylo nam&iacute;t&aacute;no, &#382;e oni mohou za to, jak se v&#283;ci maj&iacute; (Weiner, 1980). Krom&#283; toho jsou tito lid&eacute; &#269;asto vn&iacute;m&aacute;ni jako z&aacute;t&#283;&#382; pro zbytek spole&#269;nosti, a to jak ze soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ho, tak z ekonomick&eacute;ho hlediska.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Obdiv <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(vysok&aacute; v&#345;elost a vysok&aacute; kompetentnost). Ur&#269;it&eacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute; skupiny jsou vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako skupiny s vysok&yacute;m statusem, ale p&#345;esto nejsou ingroup skupinou vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako konkurence, bu&#271; proto, &#382;e jsou vysoce dominantn&iacute;, nebo proto, &#382;e jsou pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za spojence &#269;i bl&iacute;zk&eacute; referen&#269;n&iacute; skupiny. Proto&#382;e maj&iacute; vysok&yacute; status, ale z&aacute;rove&#328; jsou ve spole&#269;nosti pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny za referen&#269;n&iacute; skupiny, vyvol&aacute;vaj&iacute; obdiv a hrdost.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Souhrnn&#283; lze &#345;&iacute;ci, &#382;e p&#345;edsudky ozna&#269;uj&iacute; &uacute;sudky vych&aacute;zej&iacute;c&iacute; z negativn&iacute;ch pocit&#367; v&#367;&#269;i jednotlivc&#367;m nebo skupin&aacute;m, kter&eacute; maj&iacute; jinou soci&aacute;ln&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;nost ne&#382; na&scaron;e vlastn&iacute;, a obvykle zp&#367;sobuj&iacute; jejich odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute;. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;P&#345;edsudek&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Je postoj, kter&yacute; m&aacute; p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m afektivn&iacute; slo&#382;ku a vych&aacute;z&iacute; ze stereotyp&#367; o lidech. V&#283;t&scaron;inou zahrnuje negativn&iacute; hodnocen&iacute; skupin, k nim&#382; se vztahuj&iacute;, i kdy&#382; v n&#283;kter&yacute;ch p&#345;&iacute;padech m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t takov&eacute; hodnocen&iacute; pozitivn&iacute;. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/predsudek\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">P&#345;edsudek<\/a> je postoj, kter&yacute; zahrnuje hodnot&iacute;c&iacute; rozm&#283;r v&#367;&#269;i ur&#269;it&eacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute; skupin&#283;. Stereotypy slou&#382;&iacute; jako z&aacute;klad pro p&#345;edsudky a ty maj&iacute; tendenci b&yacute;t externalizov&aacute;ny v podob&#283; negativn&iacute;ho chov&aacute;n&iacute; ozna&#269;ovan&eacute;ho pojmem <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>9.2.3. Discriminace<\/strong><\/h4><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Diskriminace<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">je behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; slo&#382;kou p&#345;edsudk&#367;, a tedy jejich vn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;m projevem (Simpson &amp; Yinger, 1965). Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; a nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; se subjektem nebo skupinou v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsude&#269;nosti. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy netolerance, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; doty&#269;n&yacute; p&#345;edsudky.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Diskriminace<\/a> obvykle pramen&iacute; z p&#345;edsudk&#367;, ale tento vztah nen&iacute; v&#382;dy automatick&yacute;, tj. m&#367;&#382;eme se setkat s osobami, kter&eacute; chovaj&iacute; siln&eacute; p&#345;edsudky v&#367;&#269;i ur&#269;it&eacute; skupin&#283;, ale sv&eacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; v interakci s p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&iacute;ky t&eacute;to skupiny ovl&aacute;daj&iacute;, a proto se u nich diskrimina&#269;n&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; neprojevuje. Stejn&#283; tak se m&#367;&#382;eme setkat s lidmi, kte&#345;&iacute; nemaj&iacute; p&#345;edsudky v&#367;&#269;i ur&#269;it&eacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute; skupin&#283;, ale chovaj&iacute; se diskrimina&#269;n&#283; z jin&yacute;ch vn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ch (z&aacute;kony, normy atd.) nebo vnit&#345;n&iacute;ch d&#367;vod&#367;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Projevy <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> jsou ovliv&#328;ov&aacute;ny velk&yacute;m mno&#382;stv&iacute;m prom&#283;nn&yacute;ch, a proto se diskrimina&#269;n&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; projev&iacute; ve v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; &#269;i men&scaron;&iacute; m&iacute;&#345;e v z&aacute;vislosti na t&#283;chto prom&#283;nn&yacute;ch. V r&aacute;mci prom&#283;nn&yacute;ch, kter&eacute; mohou tento projev <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> usnad&#328;ovat, je t&#345;eba zd&#367;raznit nap&#345;. existenci konkuren&#269;n&iacute;ch a konfliktn&iacute;ch situac&iacute;, a to zejm&eacute;na t&#283;ch, p&#345;i nich&#382; maj&iacute; z&uacute;&#269;astn&#283;n&eacute; skupiny nerovn&eacute; postaven&iacute;. V t&eacute;to souvislosti se <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> jev&iacute; jako zp&#367;sob &#345;e&scaron;en&iacute; ot&aacute;zky moci. Existuj&iacute; v&scaron;ak na druhou stranu i faktory, kter&eacute; na&scaron;t&#283;st&iacute; diskriminaci omezuj&iacute;, a to soci&aacute;ln&iacute; tlak (Dovidio, &amp; Gaertner, 1986) a vnit&#345;n&iacute; motivace (Dunton &amp; Fazio, 1997; Plant &amp; Devine, 1998).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mezi n&aacute;sledky <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> byly u diskriminovan&yacute;ch osob zji&scaron;t&#283;ny negativn&iacute; emo&#269;n&iacute; stavy, jako je stres, agresivita, depresivn&iacute; stavy. V &scaron;ir&scaron;&iacute;m m&#283;&#345;&iacute;tku v&scaron;ak <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> p&#345;edstavuje &uacute;tok nebo ur&aacute;&#382;ku identity, sebeobrazu, a proto maj&iacute; diskriminovan&eacute; osoby tendenci sebe samotn&eacute; znehodnocovat.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na soci&aacute;ln&iacute; &uacute;rovni m&aacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> u diskriminovan&yacute;ch tendenci vyvolat sm&iacute;&#345;en&iacute; se svou situac&iacute; do takov&eacute; m&iacute;ry, &#382;e p&#345;ijmou a zvnit&#345;n&iacute; znehodnocuj&iacute;c&iacute; p&#345;edsudky, kter&yacute;m jsou vystaveni (nap&#345;. nau&#269;en&aacute; beznad&#283;j). Mohou si tedy myslet, &#382;e to, co se jim d&#283;je, je zp&#367;sobeno jejich nedostate&#269;nou inteligenc&iacute;, nezku&scaron;enost&iacute; nebo prost&#283; jejich soci&aacute;ln&iacute;m postaven&iacute;m. Jin&yacute;mi slovy, c&iacute;t&iacute; se vinni za svou situaci, a t&iacute;m legitimizuj&iacute; diskriminaci, kter&eacute; jsou vystaveni (nakolik znev&yacute;hodn&#283;n&aacute; skupina akceptuje sv&#367;j osud, o to m&eacute;n&#283; se dok&aacute;&#382;e br&aacute;nit soci&aacute;ln&iacute; nespravedlnosti).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V konkr&eacute;tn&iacute;m p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283; homosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch lid&iacute; m&#367;&#382;e toto vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; v&eacute;st k tomu, &#382;e odm&iacute;tnou svou vlastn&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientaci, genderovou identitu a\/nebo jejich vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. Tento jev je zn&aacute;m jako internalizovan&aacute; transfobie\/homofobie a odkazuje nejen na nepohodl&iacute; a zvnit&#345;n&#283;n&yacute; konflikt dan&eacute; osoby v d&#367;sledku vlastn&iacute;ch homosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch pocit&#367;, ale m&#367;&#382;e zahrnovat i chov&aacute;n&iacute;, jako je odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; nebo zavrhov&aacute;n&iacute; jin&yacute;ch homosexu&aacute;ln&#283; orientovan&yacute;ch osob za sou&#269;asn&eacute;ho p&#345;ij&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ch pocit&#367; (Frost &amp; Meyer, 2009). R&#367;zn&eacute; studie uk&aacute;zaly, &#382;e takov&yacute; &#269;lov&#283;k m&#367;&#382;e za&#382;&iacute;vat pocity studu, hn&#283;vu, vylou&#269;en&iacute;, beznad&#283;je atd. a zv&yacute;&scaron;en&eacute; riziko rozvoje du&scaron;evn&iacute;ch probl&eacute;m&#367; a tak&eacute; zv&yacute;&scaron;en&eacute; riziko sebevra&#382;edn&yacute;ch my&scaron;lenek. Soci&aacute;ln&iacute; vylou&#269;en&iacute; homosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch osob m&#367;&#382;e zt&#283;&#382;ovat zvl&aacute;d&aacute;n&iacute; takov&yacute;ch emoc&iacute; a zvy&scaron;ovat riziko du&scaron;evn&iacute;ch probl&eacute;m&#367; u t&#283;chto lid&iacute; (Lorenzi et al., 2015; Yal&ccedil;&#305;no&#287;lu, 2014).<\/span><\/p><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> 9.3. DISKRIMINA&#268;N&Iacute; SITUACE K T&Eacute;MATU<i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;edstavte si, &#382;e pracujete v c&iacute;rkevn&iacute; &scaron;kole, kde se vyu&#269;uj&iacute; a p&#345;ed&aacute;vaj&iacute; tradi&#269;n&iacute; hodnoty a kde sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; rozmanitost nen&iacute; tak viditeln&aacute;. Studuj&iacute;c&iacute; nav&iacute;c musej&iacute; nosit uniformy, tak&#382;e chlapci chod&iacute; v oblec&iacute;ch a d&iacute;vky v sukn&iacute;ch, &#269;&iacute;m&#382; se posiluje genderov&aacute; binarita a heteronormativn&iacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute; genderu. V&aacute;&scaron; student David, kter&yacute; byl je&scaron;t&#283; p&#345;ed n&#283;kolika lety vynikaj&iacute;c&iacute;m studentem, kter&yacute; v&#382;dy pom&aacute;hal a m&#283;l spoustu kamar&aacute;d&#367;, za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; m&#283;nit sv&eacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute;. Pozorujete, &#382;e se jeho studijn&iacute; v&yacute;sledky zhor&scaron;uj&iacute;, je st&aacute;le uzav&#345;en&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;, a dokonce si ve t&#345;&iacute;d&#283; dob&iacute;r&aacute; n&#283;kter&eacute; d&iacute;vky. Nechce se &uacute;&#269;astnit &#382;&aacute;dn&yacute;ch aktivit a vyru&scaron;uje i zbytek t&#345;&iacute;dy.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rozhodnete se proto situaci &#345;e&scaron;it a promluvit si s n&iacute;m, abyste zjistili, co se d&#283;je. Zept&aacute;te se ho, co se d&#283;je, jestli m&aacute; doma n&#283;jak&eacute; probl&eacute;my nebo jestli se mu n&#283;co stalo ve &scaron;kole. David v&scaron;e pop&iacute;r&aacute;, jen &#345;&iacute;k&aacute;, &#382;e m&aacute; v&scaron;eho pln&eacute; zuby, &#382;e nem&aacute; r&aacute;d lidi, &scaron;kolu, &#382;e si p&#345;ipad&aacute; jako mimo&#328;. Zept&aacute;te se ho, pro&#269; se tak c&iacute;t&iacute;. Po chv&iacute;li se sv&#283;&#345;&iacute;, &#382;e nerad chod&iacute; do &scaron;koly v klu&#269;i&#269;&iacute;m obleku a &#382;e cel&yacute; den mus&iacute; b&yacute;t s kluky, &#382;e by r&aacute;d nosil sukni a kamar&aacute;dil se s holkami, se kter&yacute;mi se posledn&iacute; dobou h&aacute;d&aacute;, ale &#382;e to pr&yacute; nejde, &#382;e s n&iacute;m n&#283;co nen&iacute; v po&#345;&aacute;dku a nev&iacute;, jak to spravit.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nejprve mu*j&iacute; vysv&#283;tl&iacute;te, &#382;e s n&iacute;*m nen&iacute; nic v nepo&#345;&aacute;dku. Za&#269;n&#283;te s n&iacute;*m mluvit o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; a genderov&eacute; rozmanitosti a o tom, &#382;e existuje mnohem v&iacute;ce podob reality ne&#382; ty, kter&eacute; m&#367;&#382;e vid&#283;t ve &scaron;kole nebo ve sv&eacute;m okol&iacute;. Pom&#367;&#382;ete mu*j&iacute; tuto realitu uk&aacute;zat (zde se m&#367;&#382;ete obr&aacute;tit na filmy s <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> t&eacute;matikou, hledat zn&aacute;m&eacute; osobnosti, s nimi&#382; se m&#367;&#382;e ztoto&#382;nit). Tak&eacute; mu*j&iacute; vysv&#283;tlete, &#382;e m&#367;&#382;e objevovat svou identitu. Po&#382;&aacute;dejte ho*j&iacute;, aby zjistil*a, jak by se c&iacute;til*a l&eacute;pe: p&#345;i jak&eacute;m projevu se c&iacute;t&iacute; l&eacute;pe, dejte mu*j&iacute; najevo, &#382;e se m&#367;&#382;e obl&eacute;kat tak, jak chce, &#382;e na tom nen&iacute; nic &scaron;patn&eacute;ho a &#382;e m&aacute; naprostou svobodu a podporu.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D&aacute;le vyhledejte bl&iacute;zk&eacute; osoby, kter&eacute; by mohly zast&aacute;vat referen&#269;n&iacute; roli, mohou tak&eacute; pomoci. P&#345;&iacute;padn&#283; se pokuste realizovat konkr&eacute;tn&iacute; aktivity, kter&eacute; zviditeln&iacute; genderovou rozmanitost v p&#345;&iacute;padech, jako je tento, p&#345;i nich&#382; m&#367;&#382;e jejich nep&#345;&iacute;tomnost p&#345;isp&iacute;vat k tomu, &#382;e osoby z kolektivu mohou m&iacute;t pot&iacute;&#382;e s rozpozn&aacute;n&iacute;m sebe sama. Mohou si mytoti&#382; slet, &#382;e to, co se jim d&#283;je, je jedine&#269;n&eacute;\/vz&aacute;cn&eacute;, a to je vede k internalizaci stigmat, kter&aacute; nev&#283;dom&#283; p&#345;en&aacute;&scaron;ej&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dal&scaron;&iacute;m dobr&yacute;m zp&#367;sobem, jak to ud&#283;lat, by bylo zav&eacute;st tuto problematiku pr&#367;&#345;ezov&#283; do &scaron;koln&iacute;ch osnov (zviditelnit r&#367;zn&eacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; identity, gendery a orientace, pouk&aacute;zat na to, &#382;e v historii existovali <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> lid&eacute;, a tak&eacute; na to, &#382;e v jin&yacute;ch kultur&aacute;ch existuj&iacute; i jin&eacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; role&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a &#269;innosti, kter&eacute; p&#345;isuzujeme lidem na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich biologick&eacute;ho pohlav&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-role\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&eacute; role<\/a>, kter&eacute; jsou zcela odli&scaron;n&eacute; od t&#283;ch na&scaron;ich apod.). Stejn&#283; tak m&#367;&#382;ete rozv&iacute;jet konkr&eacute;tn&iacute; aktivity v&#382;dy v konkr&eacute;tn&iacute; dny (nap&#345;. den proti homofobii, proti transfobii, pride eventy atd.).<\/span><\/p><h3>9.4. P&#344;&Iacute;KLADY DOBR&Eacute; PRAXE<\/h3><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podpora rozmanit&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ho zp&#367;sobu uva&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; o p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&iacute;c&iacute;ch odli&scaron;n&yacute;ch skupin m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t u&#382;ite&#269;nou strategi&iacute; v boji proti p&#345;edsudk&#367;m a diskriminaci.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podpora spole&#269;n&yacute;ch a kontrolovan&yacute;ch zku&scaron;enost&iacute; s lidmi z odli&scaron;n&yacute;ch skupin s c&iacute;lem pokusit se zm&#283;nit stereotypy spojen&eacute; s odli&scaron;nou skupinou, a vn&iacute;mat tak m&eacute;n&#283; odli&scaron;nost&iacute; od skupiny vlastn&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>9.5. REFERENCE<\/h3><p>Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., &amp; Araya, T. (2006). Category and stereotype activation revisited. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 47(6), 513-522. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2006.00523.x.<\/p><p>Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, M.A.: Addition-Wesley.<\/p><p>Campbell, D. T. (1967). Stereotypes and perception of group differences. American Psychologist, 22, 817-829.<\/p><p>Devine, P. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18. doi:10.1037\/0022-3514.56.1.5<\/p><p>Dovidio, J. F., &amp; Gaertner, S. L. (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;EDs&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Poruchy p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/eds\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Eds<\/a>.). (1986). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism. Academic Press.<\/p><p>Dunton, B. C., &amp; Fazio, R. H. (1997). An Individual Difference Measure of Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(3), 316&ndash;326. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167297233009\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167297233009<\/a><\/p><p>Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., &amp; Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878&ndash;902. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.82.6.878\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.82.6.878<\/a><\/p><p>Hamilton, D. L. &amp; Sherman, J. W. (1994). &laquo;Stereotypes&raquo;. In Wyer, R. S.; Shull, K., editors: Handbook of social cognition (pp. 1-68). Hillsdale, L. J.: Erlbaum.<\/p><p>Huici, C. (1999). Estereotipos. In J. E. Morales, coordinador: Psicolog&iacute;a Social. Segunda edici&oacute;n (pp. 87-98). Madrid: McGraw-Hill.<\/p><p>Morales, J. E., &amp; Moy&aacute;, M. C. (1996a). Estereotipos. In Peiro, J. M., Morales, J. F., Fern&aacute;ndez-Dols, J. M. editors: Tratado de Psicolog&iacute;a Social. Vol. I: Procesos b&aacute;sicos (pp. 163-187). Madrid: S&iacute;ntesis Psicolog&iacute;a.<\/p><p>Morales, J. E., &amp; Moy&aacute;, M. C. (1996b). El prejuicio. In Peiro, J. M., Morales, J. F., Fern&aacute;ndez-Dols, J. M. editors: Tratado de Psicolog&iacute;a Social. Vol. I: Procesos b&aacute;sicos (pp. 189-213). Madrid: S&iacute;ntesis Psicolog&iacute;a.<\/p><p>Parrott, W. G., &amp; Smith, R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6), 906&ndash;920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.64.6.906<\/p><p>Pettigrew, T. F., &amp;Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European journal of social psychology, 25(1), 57-75. doi: 10.1002\/ejsp.2420250106<\/p><p>Plant, E. A., &amp; Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 811&ndash;832. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.75.3.811\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.75.3.811<\/a><\/p><p>Puertas, S. (2003). Activaci&oacute;n autom&aacute;tica de los estereotipos asociados al poder y su medici&oacute;n impl&iacute;cita y expl&iacute;cita (tesis doctoral). Granada: Universidad de Granada.<\/p><p>Simpson,G.E.-Yinger,J.M.(1985): Racial and cultural minorities: An analysis of prejudice and discrimination (5&ordf; ed.). New York: Plenum.<\/p><p>Smith, R. H. (2000). Assimilative and contrastive emotional reactions to upward and downward social comparisons. In J. Suls &amp; L. Wheeler (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;EDs&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Poruchy p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/eds\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Eds<\/a>.), Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research (pp. 173&ndash;200). Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4615-4237-7_10\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4615-4237-7_10<\/a><\/p><p>Tajfel, H. (1984). The social dimension. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p><p>Weiner, B. (1980). Human motivation. New York: Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stereotypy n&aacute;m umo&#382;&#328;uj&iacute; interpretovat realitu prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m t&#345;&iacute;d&#283;n&iacute; skupin lid&iacute;, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; ur&#269;it&eacute; spole&#269;n&eacute; charakteristiky. Jsou proto zodpov&#283;dn&eacute; za d&#367;le&#382;itou &#269;&aacute;st zpracov&aacute;n&iacute; informac&iacute;, kter&eacute; vn&iacute;m&aacute;me. Pokud bychom stereotypy neuplat&#328;ovali, &#269;asto bychom nebyli schopni v&#283;novat pozornost tolika informac&iacute;m, a to by n&aacute;m zt&#283;&#382;ovalo schopnost rozhodovat se a komunikovat s ostatn&iacute;mi lidmi. Proto&#382;e stereotypy ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; na&scaron;e vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute;, je [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":9163,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-10151","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10151","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10151"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10151\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/9163"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10151"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=10151"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}