{"id":10110,"date":"2023-04-28T17:17:49","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T17:17:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-families\/3-sexual-health-8814\/"},"modified":"2023-05-31T17:56:24","modified_gmt":"2023-05-31T17:56:24","slug":"3-sexual-health-8814","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/docs\/guide-for-families\/3-sexual-health-8814\/","title":{"rendered":"3. SEXU\u00c1LN\u00cd ZDRAV\u00cd"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10110\" class=\"elementor elementor-10110 elementor-8814\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f45c48e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f45c48e\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ce8844\" data-id=\"2ce8844\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6857036 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6857036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_contraceptive_methods_for_kids_education_36026277-d607-4b42-bf44-efc1a91ea9fd_1-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9350\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_contraceptive_methods_for_kids_education_36026277-d607-4b42-bf44-efc1a91ea9fd_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_contraceptive_methods_for_kids_education_36026277-d607-4b42-bf44-efc1a91ea9fd_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_contraceptive_methods_for_kids_education_36026277-d607-4b42-bf44-efc1a91ea9fd_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_contraceptive_methods_for_kids_education_36026277-d607-4b42-bf44-efc1a91ea9fd_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_contraceptive_methods_for_kids_education_36026277-d607-4b42-bf44-efc1a91ea9fd_1-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_contraceptive_methods_for_kids_education_36026277-d607-4b42-bf44-efc1a91ea9fd_1.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52ee3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a52ee3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99a4f2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99a4f2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; souvis&iacute; s t&#283;lesn&yacute;m i du&scaron;evn&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;m a celkovou pohodou &#269;lov&#283;ka a lid&eacute; r&#367;zn&yacute;ch sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch orientac&iacute; a genderov&yacute;ch identit ho mohou pro&#382;&iacute;vat r&#367;zn&#283;. Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; je tak&eacute; zna&#269;n&#283; ovlivn&#283;no kulturn&iacute;mi normami, nap&#345;&iacute;klad standardy &bdquo;mu&#382;nosti&ldquo; a &bdquo;&#382;enskosti&ldquo; a t&iacute;m, jak dle t&#283;chto norem maj&iacute; souviset se sexualitou.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; neznamen&aacute; pouze absenci sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch onemocn&#283;n&iacute;, je mnohem komplexn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a zahrnuje tak&eacute; pro&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; emoc&iacute; a psychickou pohodu v&#269;etn&#283; zpracov&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; stresor&#367; a spole&#269;ensk&yacute;ch norem t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch se sexuality.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K napl&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute; je zapot&#345;eb&iacute; tak&eacute; napln&#283;n&iacute; n&#283;kter&yacute;ch lidsk&yacute;ch pr&aacute;v (pr&aacute;va v oblasti zdrav&iacute; a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Reproduk&#269;n&iacute; pr&aacute;va&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jsou to pr&aacute;va na kontrolu nad vlastn&iacute;m t&#283;lem a rozhodov&aacute;n&iacute; o antikoncepci a interrupci.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/reprodukcni-prava\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">reproduk&#269;n&iacute; pr&aacute;va<\/a>).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevence pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob, sexu&aacute;ln&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch infekc&iacute; a hlavn&#283; <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> je d&#367;le&#382;itou sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; diskuze o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;, nicm&eacute;n&#283; nem&#283;la by b&yacute;t jedinou utv&aacute;&#345;ej&iacute;c&iacute; komponentou, a to kv&#367;li v&scaron;em dal&scaron;&iacute;m faktor&#367;m uvt&aacute;&#345;ej&iacute;c&iacute;m sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute;, jako je vlastn&iacute; pojet&iacute; t&#283;la (body image), pot&#283;&scaron;en&iacute;, rizikov&eacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a du&scaron;evn&iacute; zdrav&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevence <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> a dal&scaron;&iacute;ch pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob je nej&uacute;&#269;inn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;, pokud se o nich otev&#345;en&#283; hovo&#345;&iacute; spolu s edukac&iacute; o konkr&eacute;tn&iacute;ch typech ochrany, jejich pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;m a informac&iacute;ch o jejich dostupnosti (kondom, latexov&aacute; rou&scaron;ka &bdquo;dam&ldquo; atd.). Doporu&#269;uje se uv&aacute;d&#283;t tak&eacute; dal&scaron;&iacute; typy prevence a ochrany konkr&eacute;tn&#283; p&#345;ed infekc&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> jako <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PrEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Preexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; mohou lid&eacute; ohro&#382;en&iacute; virem HIV u&#382;&iacute;vat, aby zabr&aacute;nili p&#345;enosu viru.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/prep\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">PrEP<\/a> a <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Postexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; lze pou&#382;&iacute;t k prevenci infekce HIV do 72 hodin po expozici.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pep\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>PEP<\/a>.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Informov&aacute;n&iacute; o konceptu U=U, undetectable = untransmittable (tedy nedetekovateln&aacute; hladina viru v krvi a s n&iacute; poj&iacute;c&iacute; se nemo&#382;nost vir p&#345;en&eacute;st na dal&scaron;&iacute; osobu) je stav, kter&eacute;ho mohou dos&aacute;hnout osoby &#382;ij&iacute;c&iacute; s <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> p&#345;i &uacute;sp&#283;&scaron;n&eacute; antiretrovirov&eacute; l&eacute;&#269;b&#283; (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ART&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Antiretrovirov&aacute; l&eacute;&#269;ba&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/art\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ART<\/a>). To jim umo&#382;&#328;uje &#382;&iacute;t plnohodnotn&yacute; &#382;ivot a zabra&#328;uje to dal&scaron;&iacute;mu &scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&iacute; viru, co&#382; je sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; strategie <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;TasP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;L&eacute;&#269;ba jako prevence&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/tasp\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TasP<\/a> (Treatment as Prevention &ndash; l&eacute;&#269;ba jako prevence).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uv&#283;dom&#283;n&iacute; si, &#382;e u v&yacute;rok&#367; typu &bdquo;mu&#382;i maj&iacute;c&iacute; sex s mu&#382;i maj&iacute; vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; v&yacute;skyt infekce <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a>&ldquo; je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; br&aacute;t v potaz d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; soci&aacute;ln&iacute;, historick&eacute;, rasov&eacute; a kulturn&iacute; faktory, aby se zabr&aacute;nilo stigmatizaci a vytrh&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; z kontextu.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spojov&aacute;n&iacute; nebo zmi&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> identit pouze v souvislosti s pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;mi chorobami, STI a <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> je vysoce stigmatizuj&iacute;c&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26c611 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b26c611\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>3.1. <b>&Uacute;VOD<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na&scaron;e <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexualita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o term&iacute;n pou&#382;&iacute;van&yacute; k ozna&#269;en&iacute; toho, jak lid&eacute; pro&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; a vyjad&#345;uj&iacute; sami sebe jako sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; bytosti.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexualita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexualita<\/a>, pohoda a fyzick&eacute; zdrav&iacute; jsou &uacute;zce propojeny. V&#283;t&scaron;ina z n&aacute;s o tom ani nep&#345;em&yacute;&scaron;l&iacute;, zejm&eacute;na pokud jsme zdrav&iacute;. Pokud se setk&aacute;me s obt&iacute;&#382;emi a probl&eacute;my souvisej&iacute;c&iacute;mi s na&scaron;&iacute;m fyzick&yacute;m a du&scaron;evn&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;m, mnoh&eacute; z nich mohou m&iacute;t v&yacute;znamn&yacute; dopad tak&eacute; na n&aacute;&scaron; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; &#382;ivot.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abychom t&#283;mto probl&eacute;m&#367;m mohli p&#345;edch&aacute;zet nebo je adekv&aacute;tn&#283; &#345;e&scaron;it, mus&iacute;me o nich nejprve n&#283;co zjistit. Zde je n&#283;kolik ot&aacute;zek, kter&eacute; n&aacute;m mohou na za&#269;&aacute;tku pomoci:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak&eacute; m&aacute;me postoje a pocity k na&scaron;emu t&#283;lu, jak jsou tyto postoje a pocity ovlivn&#283;ny kulturou a m&eacute;dii a jak se to prom&iacute;t&aacute; do toho, jak vypad&aacute; n&aacute;&scaron; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; &#382;ivot?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak na&scaron;e <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o soubor my&scaron;lenek a pocit&#367; &#269;lov&#283;ka v&#367;&#269;i vlastn&iacute;mu t&#283;lu a vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; sv&eacute; atraktivity a schopnost&iacute;, jako&#382; i vztah k sob&#283; sam&eacute;mu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/vnimani-vlastniho-tela\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la<\/a> (body image) ovliv&#328;uje n&aacute;&scaron; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; &#382;ivot?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak a pro&#269; jsou alkohol a drogy sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho &#382;ivota lid&iacute;?&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak mohou konkr&eacute;tn&iacute; nemoci ovlivnit n&aacute;&scaron; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; &#382;ivot po fyzick&eacute; a emocion&aacute;ln&iacute; str&aacute;nce?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#268;el&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> lid&eacute; specifick&yacute;m v&yacute;zv&aacute;m, pokud jde o jejich sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute;?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute;<\/b> <b>je komplexn&iacute; stav pohody a zahrnuje v&iacute;ce ne&#382; jen nep&#345;&iacute;tomnost pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nebo infekc&iacute;. Podle <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;WHO&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Sv&#283;tov&aacute; zdravotnick&aacute; organizace&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/who\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>WHO<\/a> (n.d.) je vhodn&eacute; mluvit o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute; s pozitivn&iacute;m a respektuj&iacute;c&iacute;m p&#345;&iacute;stupem, d&aacute;vat d&#367;raz na mo&#382;nost m&iacute;t sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; interakce, kter&eacute; jsou bezpe&#269;n&eacute; a prob&iacute;haj&iacute; bez n&aacute;tlaku, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;N&aacute;sil&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o z&aacute;va&#382;n&eacute; poru&scaron;en&iacute; lidsk&yacute;ch pr&aacute;v, kter&eacute; omezuje pr&aacute;vo lid&iacute; na &#382;ivot, svobodu, bezpe&#269;nost, d&#367;stojnost, du&scaron;evn&iacute; a t&#283;lesnou integritu a nediskriminaci.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nasili\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">n&aacute;sil&iacute;<\/a>, a kter&eacute;&nbsp; p&#345;in&aacute;&scaron;&euml;j&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;jemn&eacute; z&aacute;&#382;itky. K napl&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute; je tak&eacute; zapot&#345;eb&iacute; <\/span><b>napln&#283;n&iacute; ur&#269;it&yacute;ch lidsk&yacute;ch pr&aacute;v<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Reproduk&#269;n&iacute; pr&aacute;va&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jsou to pr&aacute;va na kontrolu nad vlastn&iacute;m t&#283;lem a rozhodov&aacute;n&iacute; o antikoncepci a interrupci.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/reprodukcni-prava\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">reproduk&#269;n&iacute; pr&aacute;va<\/a> a pr&aacute;va v oblasti zdrav&iacute;). Na sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; m&aacute; vliv tak&eacute; na&scaron;e du&scaron;evn&iacute; zdrav&iacute; a komunika&#269;n&iacute; dovednosti (nap&#345;&iacute;klad ur&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ch hranic, schopnost se zeptat na souhlas k sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m aktivit&aacute;m a sami ho vyj&aacute;d&#345;it nebo spole&#269;n&eacute; rozhodov&aacute;n&iacute; o antikoncep&#269;n&iacute;ch metod&aacute;ch). Fyzick&eacute; aspekty sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute; jsou spojeny se stavy, jako jsou pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&eacute; choroby, RTI (infekce reproduk&#269;n&iacute;ho traktu) a celkov&yacute; zdravotn&iacute; stav.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dal&scaron;&iacute; definice sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute; mohou zahrnovat (1) roli sexuality a vztah&#367; (romantick&yacute;ch a\/nebo sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch) v na&scaron;em &#382;ivot&#283; a (2) roli pozitivn&iacute;ch zku&scaron;enost&iacute; jednotlivc&#367; a jejich partner&#367; a partnerek.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Pro dobr&eacute; zdrav&iacute; je nezbytn&eacute; zn&aacute;t a ch&aacute;pat sv&eacute; t&#283;lo a b&yacute;t s n&iacute;m v pohod&#283;. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Znalost fungov&aacute;n&iacute; lidsk&eacute;ho t&#283;la a interindividu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch odli&scaron;nost&iacute; je tak&eacute; z&aacute;sadn&iacute; pro sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute;. Doporu&#269;uje se u&#269;it d&#283;ti a mlad&eacute; lidi o reprodukci, hygien&#283;, nemocech a mo&#382;nostech prevence\/ochrany. Stejn&#283; d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; je tak&eacute; to, aby znali sv&eacute; vlastn&iacute; t&#283;lo a jeho hranice a um&#283;li pochopit r&#367;znorod&eacute; pro&#382;itky t&#283;l jin&yacute;ch lid&iacute;. D&iacute;ky tomu pak mohou lid&eacute; diskutovat sv&yacute;ch hranic&iacute;ch (a hranic&iacute;ch jin&yacute;ch osob) a respektovat je.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N&#283;kter&eacute; v&yacute;zvy t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute; se sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute; mohou b&yacute;t tak&eacute; v rozporu s r&#367;zn&yacute;mi kulturn&iacute;mi normami v&#269;etn&#283; reprezentace mu&#382;stv&iacute; a &#382;enstv&iacute;. Normy maskulinity mohou nap&#345;&iacute;klad motivovat mu&#382;e, aby si nev&scaron;&iacute;mali sv&eacute; bolesti a trp&#283;li v tichosti, zat&iacute;mco sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; lid&iacute; v&scaron;ech <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> vy&#382;aduje, aby byli sami k sob&#283; up&#345;&iacute;mn&iacute;, znal&iacute; a zodpov&#283;dn&iacute; v&#367;&#269;i sv&eacute;mu t&#283;lu a dbali na jeho vztah ke sv&eacute; sexualit&#283;.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>3.2.1. <b>Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; a touha<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><b>Rozd&iacute;ln&eacute; touhy a jejich m&iacute;ra, kolik touhy je &bdquo;norm&aacute;ln&iacute;&ldquo;?<\/b><\/p><p><b>Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; touha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t ovlivn&#283;na mnoha faktory a je naprosto norm&aacute;ln&iacute;, &#382;e se v pr&#367;b&#283;hu &#269;asu m&#283;n&iacute;. Zde je <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n&#283;kolik faktor&#367;, kter&eacute; mohou ovlivnit na&scaron;i sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; touhu<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fyzick&eacute; a psychick&eacute; p&#345;&iacute;&#269;iny, stres a vztahov&eacute; pro&#382;itky u lid&iacute; v&scaron;ech gender&#367;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zdravotn&iacute; probl&eacute;my, jako je cukrovka a zneu&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; alkoholu, mohou zp&#367;sobit probl&eacute;my s erekc&iacute;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&eacute;ky na p&#345;edpis mohou ovlivnit sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; reaktivitu.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mnoh&eacute; psychologick&eacute; faktory, v&#269;etn&#283; individu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch specifik, zahrnuj&iacute;c&iacute; tak&eacute;:&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Uacute;navu a stres, sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; &uacute;zkost, nadm&#283;rnou pot&#345;eba uspokojit partnerku &#269;i partnera.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vnit&#345;n&iacute; konflikty zp&#367;soben&eacute; n&aacute;bo&#382;enskou naukou, pocity viny, internalizovanou homofobi&iacute; mohou p&#345;isp&iacute;vat k neuspokojen&iacute;, stejn&#283; jako konflikty ve vztaz&iacute;ch.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Uacute;zkost a stres mohou tak&eacute; v&eacute;st k potenci&aacute;ln&iacute;m probl&eacute;m&#367;m s erekc&iacute; a orgasmem a k p&#345;ed&#269;asn&eacute; ejakulaci. Dal&scaron;&iacute; formou zm&#283;ny m&iacute;ry sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; touhy, kter&aacute; m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t pro &#269;lov&#283;ka &scaron;kodliv&aacute;, je <\/span><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hypersexualita&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o opakovan&eacute; a intenzivn&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; fantazie, nutk&aacute;n&iacute; a chov&aacute;n&iacute;, kter&eacute; lze jen t&#283;&#382;ko kontrolovat, obvykle se objevuje jako reakce na stresuj&iacute;c&iacute; ud&aacute;losti.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hypersexualita\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">hypersexualita<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak bylo uvedeno v&yacute;&scaron;e, sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; se prol&iacute;n&aacute; s mnoha dal&scaron;&iacute;mi oblastmi a faktory souvisej&iacute;c&iacute;mi s na&scaron;&iacute;m celkov&yacute;m zdrav&iacute;m. N&#283;kter&eacute; z nich nyn&iacute; prozkoum&aacute;me.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>3.2.2. <b>Chov&aacute;n&iacute;, kter&eacute; zvy&scaron;uje n&aacute;chylnost k onemocn&#283;n&iacute; (neboli &bdquo;rizikov&eacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute;&ldquo;)<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>U&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; n&aacute;vykov&yacute;ch l&aacute;tek<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alkohol a drogy jsou b&#283;&#382;n&#283; ve spole&#269;nosti vn&iacute;m&aacute;ny jako prost&#345;edky k posiln&#283;n&iacute;, odvaze nebo k prolomen&iacute; led&#367;. Skute&#269;nost je ale &#269;asto velmi odli&scaron;n&aacute;. N&#283;kte&#345;&iacute; lid&eacute; u&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; alkohol, aby sami sob&#283; dovolili b&yacute;t sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, nicm&eacute;n&#283; u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; alkoholu nebo drog m&#367;&#382;e v&eacute;st k rizikov&yacute;m sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m situac&iacute;m, m&iacute;t tlum&iacute;c&iacute; &uacute;&#269;inky nebo zvy&scaron;ovat riziko z&iacute;sk&aacute;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch infekc&iacute;. K posledn&#283; jmenovan&eacute;mu m&#367;&#382;e doj&iacute;t ve chv&iacute;li, kdy si osoba pod vlivem drog nebo alkoholu nemus&iacute; b&yacute;t jista a v&#283;doma sv&yacute;ch pot&#345;eb, m&#367;&#382;e m&iacute;t tak zm&#283;n&#283;n&eacute; hranice ohledn&#283; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute;. Tak&eacute; m&#367;&#382;e vynechat rozhovory o antikoncepci a\/nebo bezpe&#269;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ch praktik&aacute;ch.<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chemsex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze jej definovat jako zapojov&aacute;n&iacute; se do sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute;, odbour&aacute;n&iacute; nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/chemsex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Chemsex<\/a><\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chemsex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze jej definovat jako zapojov&aacute;n&iacute; se do sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute;, odbour&aacute;n&iacute; nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/chemsex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Chemsex<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lze definovat jako provozov&aacute;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; aktivity, za &uacute;&#269;elem odstran&#283;n&iacute; z&aacute;bran nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku (Drysdale, 2021). D&aacute;le lze <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chemsex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze jej definovat jako zapojov&aacute;n&iacute; se do sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute;, odbour&aacute;n&iacute; nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/chemsex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">chemsex<\/a> definovat jako u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; drog speci&aacute;ln&#283; s &uacute;&#269;elem m&iacute;t sex nebo u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; t&#283;chto l&aacute;tek b&#283;hem sexu (Maxwell, Shahmanesh a Gafos, 2019). Mezi vyu&#382;&iacute;van&eacute; drogy obvykle pat&#345;&iacute; r&#367;zn&eacute; neleg&aacute;ln&iacute; stimulanty, kter&eacute; lze souhrnn&#283; ozna&#269;it jako <\/span><b>fourchemy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Uholyeva &amp; Pito&#328;&aacute;k, 2022).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alkohol, marihuana a poppers jsou z definice chemsexu obvykle vylou&#269;eny. Se chemsexem jsou obvykle spojov&aacute;ny l&aacute;tky jako metamfetamin, mefedron (nebo jin&eacute; siln&eacute; stimulanty), g-hydroxybutyr&aacute;t (GHB)\/&gamma;-butyrolakton (GBL) nebo ketamin &ndash; souhrnn&#283; ozna&#269;ovan&eacute; jako fourchemy. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chemsex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze jej definovat jako zapojov&aacute;n&iacute; se do sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute;, odbour&aacute;n&iacute; nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/chemsex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Chemsex<\/a> praktiky zvy&scaron;uj&iacute; po&#269;et sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch partner&#367; a jsou obvykle spojeny s vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; n&aacute;chylnost&iacute; k onemocn&#283;n&iacute; pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;mi nemocemi. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chemsex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze jej definovat jako zapojov&aacute;n&iacute; se do sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute;, odbour&aacute;n&iacute; nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/chemsex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Chemsex<\/a> m&#367;&#382;e zvy&scaron;ovat riziko n&aacute;kazy virem <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> nebo jinou pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosnou chorobou a je typick&yacute; sp&iacute;&scaron;e pro mu&#382;e, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; sex s mu&#382;i (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;MSM&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Mu&#382;i maj&iacute;c&iacute; sex s mu&#382;i&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/msm\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>MSM<\/a>). Tito mu&#382;i se mohou, ale nemusej&iacute; identifikovat jako gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;lov&eacute;, heterosexu&aacute;lov&eacute; atd. &Uacute;&#269;ast na chemsexu dosahuje vrcholu mezi t&#345;ic&aacute;t&yacute;m a &#269;ty&#345;ic&aacute;t&yacute;m rokem &#382;ivota, ale je patrn&aacute; v ka&#382;d&eacute;m v&#283;ku (Maxwell, Shahmanesh, &amp; Gafos, 2019; Blomquist et al., 2020). K &scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&iacute; kultury chemsexu v&yacute;znamn&#283; p&#345;isp&iacute;v&aacute; vyu&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; digit&aacute;ln&iacute;ch technologi&iacute; a aplikac&iacute; pro sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; seznamov&aacute;n&iacute; (Drysdale et al., 2020). Psychosoci&aacute;ln&iacute; intervence jsou &uacute;&#269;inn&eacute;, ale musej&iacute; se zab&yacute;vat jak negativn&iacute;mi n&aacute;sledky souvisej&iacute;c&iacute;mi s u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;m drog tak s t&#283;mi v sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; oblasti (Knight et al., 2019).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Za&#345;azen&iacute; t&eacute;mat u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; a zneu&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; n&aacute;vykov&yacute;ch l&aacute;tek je cenn&yacute;m faktorem p&#345;i rozhovorech o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute; a souhlasu, proto&#382;e je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; u&#269;it, &#382;e ka&#382;d&yacute; &#269;lov&#283;k reaguje na drogy\/alkohol jinak. Z&aacute;rove&#328; je odli&scaron;n&aacute; i m&iacute;ra, kter&aacute; m&#367;&#382;e u konzumace drog zm&#283;nit vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; reality u ka&#382;d&eacute;ho jinak. P&#345;i konzumaci alkoholu a\/nebo drog m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t obt&iacute;&#382;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; z&#367;stat v bezpe&#269;&iacute; jak fyzicky (prevence p&#345;enosu pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob a vyh&yacute;b&aacute;n&iacute; se sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;mu <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;N&aacute;sil&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o z&aacute;va&#382;n&eacute; poru&scaron;en&iacute; lidsk&yacute;ch pr&aacute;v, kter&eacute; omezuje pr&aacute;vo lid&iacute; na &#382;ivot, svobodu, bezpe&#269;nost, d&#367;stojnost, du&scaron;evn&iacute; a t&#283;lesnou integritu a nediskriminaci.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nasili\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">n&aacute;sil&iacute;<\/a>) tak psychicky (schopnost vyj&aacute;d&#345;it souhlas, udr&#382;et si hranice, v&#283;novat se pouze preferovan&yacute;m &#269;innostem) atd.<\/span><\/p><h4><a id=\"post-6355-_heading=h.3y97imsc7whx\"><\/a><strong>3.2.3. <b>Sexu&aacute;ln&#283; p&#345;enosn&eacute; infekce (STI) a sexu&aacute;ln&#283; p&#345;enosn&eacute; nemoci (STD)<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Za prv&eacute; je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; si uv&#283;domit rozd&iacute;l mezi pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;mi infekcemi (STI) a pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;mi chorobami (STD). <\/span><b>STI<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> jsou infekce, kter&eacute; se mohou p&#345;en&aacute;&scaron;et pohlavn&iacute;m stykem dvou osob, v p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283;, &#382;e jsou do t&#283;chto praktik zahrnuty slizni&#269;n&iacute; sekrety, krev, sliny, sperma a t&#345;en&iacute; k&#367;&#382;e. Pokud se nel&eacute;&#269;&iacute;, mohou se n&#283;kter&eacute; pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&eacute; infekce zm&#283;nit v pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&eacute; choroby <\/span><b>STD<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Nap&#345;&iacute;klad m&#367;&#382;ete m&iacute;t v t&#283;le pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosnou infekci, ani&#382; byste m&#283;li jak&eacute;koliv p&#345;&iacute;znaky. M&#367;&#382;ete ji tak&eacute; d&aacute;le p&#345;en&eacute;st nechr&aacute;n&#283;n&yacute;m pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. Tato infekce se pak m&#367;&#382;e projevit fyzick&yacute;mi p&#345;&iacute;znaky u osoby, na kterou byla p&#345;enesena, a zm&#283;nit se tak v pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosnou chorobu. Mezi nej&#269;ast&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&eacute; infekce pat&#345;&iacute; chlamydie, kapavka, trichomoni&aacute;za, genit&aacute;ln&iacute; bradavice, genit&aacute;ln&iacute; herpes, pubick&eacute; v&scaron;i a syfilis. Nej&#269;ast&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;mi pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;mi nemocemi jsou hepatitida B a C, syfilis a <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a>\/<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;AIDS&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Syndrom z&iacute;skan&eacute; imunitn&iacute; nedostate&#269;nosti&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/aids\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>AIDS<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podle Centra pro kontrolu a prevenci nemoc&iacute; (2021) je lidsk&yacute; papilomavirus (HPV) jednou z pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch infekc&iacute; (v&#283;t&scaron;inou z&#367;st&aacute;v&aacute; neodhalena), kterou se n&#283;kdy v &#382;ivot&#283; nakaz&iacute; zhruba 75 % sexu&aacute;ln&#283; aktivn&iacute;ch lid&iacute;. D&#283;je se tak proto, &#382;e HPV se m&#367;&#382;e p&#345;en&aacute;&scaron;et i chr&aacute;n&#283;n&yacute;m pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. Podle v&yacute;&scaron;e uveden&eacute;ho centra v&scaron;ak HPV z&#367;stane v 9 z 10 p&#345;&iacute;pad&#367; neodhalen a na&scaron;e t&#283;lo ho do dvou let vylou&#269;&iacute;. K dispozici jsou r&#367;zn&eacute; typy o&#269;kov&aacute;n&iacute;, kter&aacute; mohou chr&aacute;nit p&#345;ed n&#283;kter&yacute;mi kmeny HPV. N&#283;kter&eacute; netestovan&eacute; a nel&eacute;&#269;en&eacute; kmeny HPV s sebou nesou vysok&eacute; riziko vzniku rakoviny d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute;ho &#269;&iacute;pku (u lid&iacute; s d&#283;lohou) a genit&aacute;ln&iacute;ch bradavic (u kohokoliv).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak ji&#382; bylo zm&iacute;n&#283;no v&yacute;&scaron;e, lid&eacute;, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosnou infekci, nemusej&iacute; m&iacute;t &#382;&aacute;dn&eacute; p&#345;&iacute;znaky, co&#382; usnad&#328;uje p&#345;enos na jinou osobu. Nejjednodu&scaron;&scaron;&iacute;m zp&#367;sobem, jak t&eacute;to situaci zabr&aacute;nit, je <\/span><b>nechat se pravideln&#283; testovat a v&eacute;st rozhovory o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute; se sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;mi partnery<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Pokud m&aacute; infekce p&#345;&iacute;znaky, mohou se projevit bolest&iacute; p&#345;i mo&#269;en&iacute;, neobvykl&yacute;m v&yacute;tokem z pochvy, penisu nebo kone&#269;n&iacute;ku, ko&#382;n&iacute;mi zm&#283;nami v okol&iacute; genit&aacute;li&iacute; a kone&#269;n&iacute;ku, vyr&aacute;&#382;kou a dal&scaron;&iacute;mi p&#345;&iacute;znaky (NHS &ndash; National Health Service, 2021). Nejspolehliv&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;m zp&#367;sobem, jak zabr&aacute;nit n&aacute;kaze pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosnou chorobou, je v&#382;dy pou&#382;&iacute;vat ochranu (nap&#345;&iacute;klad kondom p&#345;i vagin&aacute;ln&iacute;m, or&aacute;ln&iacute;m a an&aacute;ln&iacute;m sexu).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N&#283;kter&eacute; infekce, jako nap&#345;&iacute;klad <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a>, v&scaron;ak mohou b&yacute;t v t&#283;le infikovan&eacute;ho jedince p&#345;&iacute;tomny, jsou p&#345;esto pro testov&aacute;n&iacute; neviditeln&eacute;, pro co&#382; se pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute; pojem <\/span><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diagnostick&eacute; ok&eacute;nko&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o obdob&iacute;, kdy je virus v t&#283;le &#269;lov&#283;ka p&#345;&iacute;tomen, ale je&scaron;t&#283; nen&iacute; zjistiteln&yacute; (protil&aacute;tkov&yacute;m testem).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diagnosticke-okenko\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diagnostick&eacute; ok&eacute;nko<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Nap&#345;&iacute;klad virus <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t pro testov&aacute;n&iacute; nezjistiteln&yacute; je&scaron;t&#283; 4-12 t&yacute;dn&#367; po kontaktu, zat&iacute;mco jedinci ji&#382; mohou b&yacute;t infek&#269;n&iacute;. Pokud existuje podez&#345;en&iacute; na potenci&aacute;ln&iacute; rizikov&yacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; kontakt, je pak nejbezpe&#269;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; vy&#269;kat, zdr&#382;et se nov&yacute;ch sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch kontakt&#367; a nechat se testovat a&#382; po uplynut&iacute; t&eacute;to doby.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proto je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; si uv&#283;domit, &#382;e pokud jsme sexu&aacute;ln&#283; aktivn&iacute;, jsou pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&eacute; infekce a nemoci sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; na&scaron;eho &#382;ivota. Pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&eacute; choroby nejsou n&#283;&#269;&iacute;m, &#269;eho bychom se m&#283;li b&aacute;t, ale sp&iacute;&scaron;e t&iacute;m, o &#269;em bychom m&#283;li b&yacute;t informov&aacute;ni, aby ka&#382;d&yacute; z n&aacute;s mohl o sv&eacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; pe&#269;ovat, p&#345;edch&aacute;zet STI a STD, l&eacute;&#269;it je a v&eacute;st spokojen&yacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&yacute; &#382;ivot. Nechat se testovat a mluvit o tomto t&eacute;matu se sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;mi partnerkami a partnery jsou dva postupy, kter&eacute; mohou ka&#382;d&eacute;mu pomoci toho dos&aacute;hnout. Dal&scaron;&iacute;m m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t rozhovor s l&eacute;ka&#345;em nebo pravideln&eacute; informov&aacute;n&iacute; a vzd&#283;l&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; se nam&iacute;sto udr&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; strachu, dezinformac&iacute; nebo m&yacute;t&#367; souvisej&iacute;c&iacute;ch se sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;m.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mlad&iacute; lid&eacute; mohou b&yacute;t zvl&aacute;&scaron;t&#283; zraniteln&iacute; v&#367;&#269;i pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;m chorob&aacute;m, proto&#382;e jsou sexu&aacute;ln&#283; aktivn&iacute; a maj&iacute; tak&eacute; vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; sklon k chov&aacute;n&iacute;, kter&eacute; je m&#367;&#382;e &#269;init zraniteln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;mi vzhledem k jejich psychosoci&aacute;ln&iacute;mu a neurologick&eacute;mu v&yacute;voji (Berenbaum, Beltz &amp; Corley, 2015; Hazen, Schlozman &amp; Beresin, 2008). K tomu m&#367;&#382;e doch&aacute;zet z d&#367;vodu nedostate&#269;n&yacute;ch znalost&iacute; nebo p&#345;etrv&aacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch m&yacute;t&#367; a dezinformac&iacute; o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;, kter&eacute; jsou d&#367;sledkem toho, &#382;e sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Reproduk&#269;n&iacute; zdrav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uje stav &uacute;pln&eacute; fyzick&eacute;, du&scaron;evn&iacute; a soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohody ve v&scaron;ech z&aacute;le&#382;itostech t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch se reproduk&#269;n&iacute;ho syst&eacute;mu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/reprodukcni-zdravi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">reproduk&#269;n&iacute; zdrav&iacute;<\/a> je tabuizovan&eacute; t&eacute;ma.<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> (z angl. Human Immunodeficiency Virus, virus lidsk&eacute; imunitn&iacute; nedostate&#269;nosti)<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> je jednou z nejv&iacute;ce stigmatizovan&yacute;ch pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob, k &#269;emu&#382; p&#345;isp&iacute;v&aacute; &scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&iacute; dezinformac&iacute; a strachu nam&iacute;sto osv&#283;ty. Pokud se virus nel&eacute;&#269;&iacute; nebo nen&iacute; odhalen, m&#367;&#382;e se vyvinout v &#382;ivot ohro&#382;uj&iacute;c&iacute; onemocn&#283;n&iacute; zn&aacute;m&eacute; jako <\/span><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;AIDS&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Syndrom z&iacute;skan&eacute; imunitn&iacute; nedostate&#269;nosti&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/aids\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>AIDS<\/a> (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) &#269;ili syndrom z&iacute;skan&eacute; imunitn&iacute; nedostate&#269;nosti<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. P&#345;i odhalen&iacute; a l&eacute;&#269;b&#283; antiretrovirovou l&eacute;&#269;bou (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ART&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Antiretrovirov&aacute; l&eacute;&#269;ba&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/art\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ART<\/a>) se v&scaron;ak virus m&#367;&#382;e st&aacute;t nep&#345;enosn&yacute;m, a osoba tak m&#367;&#382;e v&eacute;st spokojen&yacute; a plnohodnotn&yacute; &#382;ivot. Virus <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> se roz&scaron;&iacute;&#345;il zejm&eacute;na mezi <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;MSM&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Mu&#382;i maj&iacute;c&iacute; sex s mu&#382;i&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/msm\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>MSM<\/a> (mu&#382;i, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; sex s mu&#382;i) &ndash; takto&nbsp; jsou naz&yacute;v&aacute;ni epidemiology, kte&#345;&iacute; ch&aacute;pou, &#382;e <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;MSM&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Mu&#382;i maj&iacute;c&iacute; sex s mu&#382;i&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/msm\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>MSM<\/a> se mohou identifikovat r&#367;zn&#283; (gay, bisexu&aacute;l, heterosexu&aacute;l atd.). D&#367;vody, pro&#269; jsou <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;MSM&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Mu&#382;i maj&iacute;c&iacute; sex s mu&#382;i&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/msm\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>MSM<\/a> obzvl&aacute;&scaron;t&#283; n&aacute;chyln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; k <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a>, jsou komplexn&iacute;. Nejefektivn&#283;ji je popisuje tzv. <\/span><b>syndemie <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &ndash; synergick&yacute; vliv v&iacute;ce epidemi&iacute; v&#269;etn&#283; &#269;ast&yacute;ch soub&#283;&#382;n&yacute;ch infekc&iacute; nebo zdravotn&iacute;ch stav&#367; (nap&#345;. s jin&yacute;mi pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;mi chorobami, jako je syfilis), ale i dal&scaron;&iacute;ch behavior&aacute;ln&iacute;ch faktor&#367; a spole&#269;ensk&yacute;ch podm&iacute;nek (Pito&#328;&aacute;k, 2018). Mezi syndemick&eacute; faktory pat&#345;&iacute; nap&#345;:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologick&eacute; faktory:&nbsp;<\/span><\/i><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nechr&aacute;n&#283;n&yacute; an&aacute;ln&iacute; styk (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;UAI&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Nechr&aacute;n&#283;n&yacute; an&aacute;ln&iacute; styk&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/uai\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>UAI<\/a> &ndash; unprotected anal intercourse) je v t&eacute;to skupin&#283; &#269;ast&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; praktikou a z&aacute;rove&#328; je <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;UAI&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Nechr&aacute;n&#283;n&yacute; an&aacute;ln&iacute; styk&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/uai\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>UAI<\/a> praktikou s vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; pravd&#283;podobnost&iacute; p&#345;enosu <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> (Patel, et. al., 2014), kter&aacute; m&aacute; p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; dvacetkr&aacute;t vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; pravd&#283;podobnost p&#345;enosu ne&#382; vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; styk (Baggaley, White, &amp; Boily, 2010). P&#345;esto je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; si uv&#283;domit, &#382;e an&aacute;ln&iacute; styk z&iacute;sk&aacute;v&aacute; na popularit&#283; mezi p&aacute;ry r&#367;zn&eacute;ho <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a>, co&#382; je d&#367;le&#382;it&yacute;m faktorem, kter&yacute; je t&#345;eba zm&iacute;nit p&#345;i informov&aacute;n&iacute; o prevenci <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> a p&#345;enosu obecn&#283;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;MSM&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Mu&#382;i maj&iacute;c&iacute; sex s mu&#382;i&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/msm\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>MSM<\/a> jako skupina s vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; prevalenc&iacute; infekce <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> pak automaticky generuje vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; riziko, &#382;e se p&#345;i sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m styku nakaz&iacute; i jednotliv&yacute; mu&#382; maj&iacute;c&iacute; sex s mu&#382;i.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a kulturn&iacute; faktory:<\/span><\/i><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spole&#269;ensk&aacute; stigmatizace neheterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch osob a <\/span><b>men&scaron;inov&yacute; stres<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kter&eacute; zp&#367;sobuj&iacute; vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; v&yacute;skyt probl&eacute;m&#367; s du&scaron;evn&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;m u neheterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch osob.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stigmatizace tak&eacute; syst&eacute;mov&#283; znev&yacute;hod&#328;uje gaye a lesby, nap&#345;&iacute;klad pokud jde o jejich praktiky p&#345;i hled&aacute;n&iacute; vztah&#367; (nap&#345;. jsou jejich &scaron;ance na sezn&aacute;men&iacute; s partnerem nebo hled&aacute;n&iacute; partnera v cisheteronormativn&iacute; spole&#269;nosti stejn&eacute;?) nebo prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m p&#345;&iacute;stupu k preventivn&iacute;m n&aacute;stroj&#367;m, jako je <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PrEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Preexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; mohou lid&eacute; ohro&#382;en&iacute; virem HIV u&#382;&iacute;vat, aby zabr&aacute;nili p&#345;enosu viru.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/prep\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">PrEP<\/a> nebo <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Postexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; lze pou&#382;&iacute;t k prevenci infekce HIV do 72 hodin po expozici.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pep\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>PEP<\/a> (nap&#345;. mohou b&yacute;t obt&iacute;&#382;n&#283; dostupn&eacute;, drah&eacute;) nebo stigmatizace ovliv&#328;uje jejich socioekonomick&yacute; status.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stigmatizace <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a>\/<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;AIDS&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Syndrom z&iacute;skan&eacute; imunitn&iacute; nedostate&#269;nosti&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/aids\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>AIDS<\/a> obecn&#283; &ndash; informace o viru jsou sd&iacute;leny se z&aacute;m&#283;rem vyvolat strach a moralizovat lidi, co&#382; m&#367;&#382;e v&eacute;st k m&eacute;n&#283; otev&#345;en&eacute; komunikaci a chov&aacute;n&iacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;mu v zatajov&aacute;n&iacute; a tak&eacute; k ni&#382;&scaron;&iacute; ochot&#283; nechat se testovat (nap&#345;. kv&#367;li strachu ze studu apod.).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>U = U (Undetectable=Untransmittable, v &#269;e&scaron;tin&#283; N = N Nedetekovateln&yacute; = Nep&#345;enositeln&yacute;)<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D&#367;le&#382;it&yacute;m faktorem, kter&yacute; je t&#345;eba zm&iacute;nit v souvislosti s <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a>, je z&aacute;sada zalo&#382;en&aacute; na konceptu l&eacute;&#269;by jako prevence (<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;TasP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;L&eacute;&#269;ba jako prevence&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/tasp\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TasP<\/a> = Treatment as Prevention), kter&aacute; p&#345;edpokl&aacute;d&aacute;, &#382;e <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ART&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Antiretrovirov&aacute; l&eacute;&#269;ba&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/art\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ART<\/a> (intiretrovirov&aacute; l&eacute;&#269;eba) je &uacute;&#269;innou formou l&eacute;&#269;by, kter&aacute; omezuje p&#345;&iacute;tomnost viru v krevn&iacute;m &#345;e&#269;i&scaron;ti a dal&scaron;&iacute;ch t&#283;lesn&yacute;ch tekutin&aacute;ch do t&eacute; m&iacute;ry, &#382;e je prakticky nedetekovateln&aacute;. Navzdory skute&#269;nosti, &#382;e modern&iacute; technologie dok&aacute;&#382;&iacute; odhalit i velmi n&iacute;zk&yacute; po&#269;et &#269;&aacute;stic <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> v t&#283;le, bylo v&#283;decky prok&aacute;z&aacute;no, &#382;e tzv. nedetekovateln&aacute; virov&aacute; z&aacute;t&#283;&#382; &uacute;&#269;inn&#283; blokuje mo&#382;nost p&#345;enosu na nulu (0), a proto je ztoto&#382;&#328;ov&aacute;na se slovem nep&#345;enositeln&aacute;. V&yacute;znam t&eacute;to zkratky je nedetekovateln&yacute; = nep&#345;enositeln&yacute; (Leahy, 2018). Existuj&iacute; robustn&iacute; v&#283;decky podlo&#382;en&eacute; d&#367;kazy, kter&eacute; prokazuj&iacute; platnost U=U. Tento princip se stal n&aacute;strojem destigmatizace.&nbsp; U=U m&aacute; v&yacute;znam v prevenci dal&scaron;&iacute;ho p&#345;enosu viru, proto&#382;e sni&#382;uje stigmatizaci &#382;ivota s <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> a tak&eacute; z&iacute;sk&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; dal&scaron;&iacute;ch informac&iacute; o n&#283;m. Dosa&#382;en&iacute; a udr&#382;en&iacute; nedetekovateln&eacute; virov&eacute; n&aacute;lo&#382;e z&aacute;vis&iacute; na d&#367;sledn&eacute;m u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; antiretrovirov&eacute; medikace podle p&#345;edpisu (Eisinger, Dieffenbach, &amp; Fauci, 2019).<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pre-expozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> (<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PrEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Preexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; mohou lid&eacute; ohro&#382;en&iacute; virem HIV u&#382;&iacute;vat, aby zabr&aacute;nili p&#345;enosu viru.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/prep\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">PrEP<\/a>)<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre-expozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe je l&eacute;k (druh antiretrovirov&eacute; l&eacute;&#269;by), kter&yacute; u&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; osoby, je&#382; nejsou <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> pozitivn&iacute;, proto, aby se chr&aacute;nily p&#345;ed n&aacute;kazou <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> p&#345;i pohlavn&iacute;m styku nebo injek&#269;n&iacute;m u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; drog. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PrEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Preexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; mohou lid&eacute; ohro&#382;en&iacute; virem HIV u&#382;&iacute;vat, aby zabr&aacute;nili p&#345;enosu viru.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/prep\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">PrEP<\/a> obvykle u&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; ti jedinci, kte&#345;&iacute; by jinak byli n&aacute;chyln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; k n&aacute;kaze virem <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> a kde tradi&#269;n&iacute; metody, jako je pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; kondom&#367;, nemus&iacute; p&#345;edstavovat dostate&#269;n&#283; spolehlivou mo&#382;nost (nap&#345;. jedinci si mohou b&yacute;t v&#283;domi toho, &#382;e nemohou nebo necht&#283;j&iacute; pou&#382;&iacute;vat kondomy ve v&scaron;ech situac&iacute;ch, nap&#345;. v situac&iacute;ch b&#283;hem u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; n&aacute;vykov&yacute;ch l&aacute;tek). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PrEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Preexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; mohou lid&eacute; ohro&#382;en&iacute; virem HIV u&#382;&iacute;vat, aby zabr&aacute;nili p&#345;enosu viru.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/prep\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">PrEP<\/a> je obvykle l&eacute;k na p&#345;edpis, ale v n&#283;kter&yacute;ch zem&iacute;ch m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t snadno dostupn&yacute;. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PrEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Preexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; mohou lid&eacute; ohro&#382;en&iacute; virem HIV u&#382;&iacute;vat, aby zabr&aacute;nili p&#345;enosu viru.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/prep\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">PrEP<\/a> je v&scaron;ak v&#382;dy vhodn&eacute; u&#382;&iacute;vat v r&aacute;mci pravideln&yacute;ch kontrol. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PrEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Preexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; mohou lid&eacute; ohro&#382;en&iacute; virem HIV u&#382;&iacute;vat, aby zabr&aacute;nili p&#345;enosu viru.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/prep\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">PrEP<\/a> dok&aacute;&#382;e s velmi vysokou &uacute;&#269;innost&iacute; zabr&aacute;nit tomu, aby se <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> v t&#283;le uchytil a &scaron;&iacute;&#345;il se po t&#283;le (Desai et al., 2017). Neposkytuje v&scaron;ak ochranu p&#345;ed jin&yacute;mi pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;mi chorobami. Dostupnost <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PrEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Preexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; mohou lid&eacute; ohro&#382;en&iacute; virem HIV u&#382;&iacute;vat, aby zabr&aacute;nili p&#345;enosu viru.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/prep\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">PrEP<\/a> je pro n&#283;kter&eacute; skupiny lid&iacute; omezen&aacute; (nap&#345;&iacute;klad kv&#367;li jeho cen&#283; nebo procesu jeho z&iacute;sk&aacute;n&iacute;).<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bari&eacute;rov&aacute; ochrana<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bari&eacute;rov&aacute; ochrana je n&aacute;stroj, kter&yacute; sni&#382;uje riziko p&#345;enosu pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nejzn&aacute;m&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a nejpou&#382;&iacute;van&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; je kondom, kter&yacute; se navl&eacute;kne na penis. Existuj&iacute; v&scaron;ak i dal&scaron;&iacute; metody ochrany, jako je vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; kondom (pro zaveden&iacute; do pochvy, viz obr&aacute;zek 2) nebo&nbsp; latexov&aacute; rou&scaron;ka &bdquo;dam&ldquo; (zakr&yacute;v&aacute; vulvu nebo kone&#269;n&iacute;k, tak&#382;e je u&#382;ite&#269;n&aacute; i p&#345;i or&aacute;ln&iacute;m sexu &ndash; viz obr&aacute;zek 3). Tyto typy bari&eacute;rov&eacute; ochrany bohu&#382;el nejsou tak b&#283;&#382;n&#283; dostupn&eacute;, ale ur&#269;it&#283; je lze koupit ve v&#283;t&scaron;in&#283; sexshop&#367;. V&iacute;ce informac&iacute; o ochrann&yacute;ch metod&aacute;ch si m&#367;&#382;ete p&#345;e&#269;&iacute;st v kapitole 7 souvisej&iacute;c&iacute; s evropsk&yacute;mi z&aacute;kony (v sekci o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m a reproduk&#269;n&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;).<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9445 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_2-300x275.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_2-300x275.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_2-1024x937.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_2-768x703.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_2-20x18.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_2-16x16.png 16w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_2-18x18.png 18w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_2.png 1157w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"\/><\/p><h6>Figure 2. Vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; kondom<\/h6><p><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"273\" height=\"275\" class=\"wp-image-6561\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/how-to-use-a-dental-dam-or-cdc.jpeg\" alt=\"How to Use a Dental Dam | CDC\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/how-to-use-a-dental-dam-or-cdc.jpeg 273w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/how-to-use-a-dental-dam-or-cdc-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/how-to-use-a-dental-dam-or-cdc-16x16.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/how-to-use-a-dental-dam-or-cdc-50x50.jpeg 50w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/how-to-use-a-dental-dam-or-cdc-20x20.jpeg 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/how-to-use-a-dental-dam-or-cdc-70x70.jpeg 70w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/how-to-use-a-dental-dam-or-cdc-18x18.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\"\/><\/p><h6>Figure 3. Dent&aacute;ln&iacute; hr&aacute;z<\/h6><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jedn&iacute;m z nej&#269;ast&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ch d&#367;vod&#367;, pro&#269; lid&eacute; provozuj&iacute; nechr&aacute;n&#283;n&yacute; sex, je nedostatek informac&iacute; o form&#283; &scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&iacute; pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch infekc&iacute; a chorob. &#268;asto se st&aacute;v&aacute;, &#382;e jeden z partner&#367; z r&#367;zn&yacute;ch d&#367;vod&#367; odm&iacute;t&aacute; pou&#382;&iacute;vat kondom, co&#382; m&#367;&#382;e zt&#283;&#382;ovat sd&#283;lov&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute; pot&#345;eby m&iacute;t bezpe&#269;n&yacute; sex. Co m&#367;&#382;ete v t&#283;chto situac&iacute;ch ud&#283;lat, je promluvit si s partnerem o vlastn&iacute;ch pot&#345;eb&aacute;ch, hranic&iacute;ch a preferovan&yacute;ch metod&aacute;ch ochrany, a tak naj&iacute;t spole&#269;n&eacute; &#345;e&scaron;en&iacute;, d&iacute;ky kter&eacute;mu se v&scaron;ichni z&uacute;&#269;astn&#283;n&iacute; budou c&iacute;tit bezpe&#269;n&#283;. Partne&#345;i a partnerky se n&#283;kdy dobrovoln&#283; rozhodnou kondom nepou&#382;&iacute;vat (nap&#345;&iacute;klad &#269;asto doch&aacute;zej&iacute; na testy, maj&iacute; stabiln&iacute; vztah, pou&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; jin&eacute; antikoncep&#269;n&iacute; prost&#345;edky atd.), v&#382;dy by to v&scaron;ak m&#283;lo b&yacute;t po vz&aacute;jemn&eacute; domluv&#283;.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Typy antikoncep&#269;n&iacute;ch metod pro prevenci necht&#283;n&eacute;ho t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (NHS, 2021):<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hormon&aacute;ln&iacute; antikoncepce &ndash; pilulky:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Jedn&aacute; se pilulky obsahuj&iacute;c&iacute; hormony, v&#283;t&scaron;ina obsahuje kombinaci estrogenu a progesteronu, a mohou je u&#382;&iacute;vat osoby s d&#283;lohou, proto&#382;e zabra&#328;uj&iacute; uvoln&#283;n&iacute; vaj&iacute;&#269;ka. Obvykle se p&#345;edepisuje u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; 1 pilulky denn&#283; (ka&#382;d&yacute; den p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; ve stejnou hodinu) po dobu 21 dn&iacute; v m&#283;s&iacute;ci. V n&aacute;sleduj&iacute;c&iacute;ch 7 dnech, kdy se &#382;&aacute;dn&aacute; pilulka neu&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;, by se m&#283;lo objevit krv&aacute;cen&iacute;. Po t&#283;chto 7 dnech za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; dal&scaron;&iacute;ch 21 dn&iacute; ka&#382;dodenn&iacute;ho u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; tablet. Pilulka m&#367;&#382;e m&iacute;t mnoho ne&#382;&aacute;douc&iacute;ch &uacute;&#269;ink&#367; a tak&eacute; se m&#367;&#382;e vz&aacute;jemn&#283; ovliv&#328;ovat s jin&yacute;mi l&eacute;ky, proto by m&#283;la b&yacute;t &#345;&aacute;dn&#283; konzultov&aacute;na s gynekologem a praktick&yacute;m l&eacute;ka&#345;em. Ne&#382;&aacute;douc&iacute; &uacute;&#269;inky mohou b&yacute;t r&#367;zn&eacute;, ale nej&#269;ast&#283;ji se vyskytuje zv&yacute;&scaron;en&eacute; riziko vzniku &#382;iln&iacute; tromb&oacute;zy, akn&eacute;, bolesti hlavy, nad&yacute;m&aacute;n&iacute;, &uacute;nava a zm&#283;ny n&aacute;lad (Teal &amp; Edelman, 2021). Mnoho lid&iacute; tak&eacute; uv&aacute;d&iacute; zm&#283;ny ve zp&#367;sobu pro&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; (nap&#345;&iacute;klad zm&#283;ny hladin energie, ztr&aacute;ta sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho libida a zm&#283;ny t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute; se menstruace). U&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; pilulek je t&#345;eba v&#382;dy promyslet a z&aacute;rove&#328; pe&#269;liv&#283; zv&aacute;&#382;it v&scaron;echna pro a proti. P&#345;i spr&aacute;vn&eacute;m u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; m&#367;&#382;e m&iacute;t pilulka 99% &uacute;&#269;innost v prevenci t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;. Dal&scaron;&iacute;mi typy hormon&aacute;ln&iacute;ch pilulek jsou pilulky s progestagenem, kter&eacute; se u&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; ka&#382;d&yacute; den bez p&#345;est&aacute;vky. Ostatn&iacute; pravidla u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; (u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; pilulky p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; ve stejnou dobu denn&#283;) jsou stejn&aacute; a &uacute;&#269;innost je podobn&aacute;. &Uacute;&#269;innost hormon&aacute;ln&iacute;ch pilulek m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t ovlivn&#283;na p&#345;i &#382;alude&#269;n&iacute;ch pot&iacute;&#382;&iacute;ch, zvracen&iacute; nebo pr&#367;jmu.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kondomy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> existuj&iacute; dva typy kondom&#367;, a to a) vn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; kondomy, kter&eacute; se nasazuj&iacute; na ztopo&#345;en&yacute; penis, a b) vnit&#345;n&iacute; kondomy, kter&eacute; se zav&aacute;d&#283;j&iacute; do pochvy nebo kone&#269;n&iacute;ku. Oba typy kondom&#367;, pokud jsou spr&aacute;vn&#283; pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;ny, zabra&#328;uj&iacute; necht&#283;n&eacute;mu ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute; i p&#345;enosu v&#283;t&scaron;iny pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob. Kondomy jsou nejbezpe&#269;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a nej&uacute;&#269;inn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; metodou, kter&aacute; v&aacute;s ochr&aacute;n&iacute; p&#345;ed p&#345;enosem pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob p&#345;i penetra&#269;n&iacute;m sexu.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; kondomy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> jsou obvykle vyrobeny z latexu, ale v p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283; alergie na latex je lze sehnat i z jin&yacute;ch materi&aacute;l&#367;. S kondomy lze pou&#382;&iacute;vat lubrikanty, kter&eacute; by ale m&#283;ly b&yacute;t na vodn&iacute; b&aacute;zi, aby neovliv&#328;ovaly funkci kondomu. Ka&#382;d&yacute; kondom lze pou&#382;&iacute;t pouze jednou. P&#345;i dal&scaron;&iacute;m sexu je t&#345;eba pou&#382;&iacute;t nov&yacute;. Kondomy by m&#283;ly b&yacute;t ide&aacute;ln&#283; skladov&aacute;ny na nep&#345;&iacute;li&scaron; hork&yacute;ch a slunn&yacute;ch m&iacute;stech, nem&#283;ly by p&#345;ij&iacute;t do styku s ostr&yacute;mi p&#345;edm&#283;ty a m&#283;ly by b&yacute;t pou&#382;ity p&#345;ed uplynut&iacute;m doby expirace. P&#345;i rozbalov&aacute;n&iacute; kondomu je dobr&eacute; b&yacute;t opatrn&eacute; a opatrn&iacute; p&#345;i jeho otev&iacute;r&aacute;n&iacute;, aby nedo&scaron;lo k jeho prop&iacute;chnut&iacute; nebo k jin&eacute;mu po&scaron;kozen&iacute;. Pot&eacute; jej polo&#382;te na vrchol ztopo&#345;en&eacute;ho penisu a srolujte jej a&#382; k jeho ko&#345;enu. Ujist&#283;te se, &#382;e dob&#345;e dr&#382;&iacute;. Jednou za &#269;as m&#367;&#382;ete zkontrolovat, zda kondom dob&#345;e dr&#382;&iacute;. P&#345;i vytahov&aacute;n&iacute; penisu z pochvy\/anusu d&aacute;vejte pozor, abyste kondom dr&#382;eli u ko&#345;enu, abyste zabr&aacute;nili p&#345;&iacute;padn&eacute;mu sklouznut&iacute;, Kondomy jsou &uacute;&#269;inn&eacute; na 98 %.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; kondomy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> funguj&iacute; na stejn&eacute;m principu jako vn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; kondomy, proto&#382;e vytv&aacute;&#345;ej&iacute; bari&eacute;ru na vnit&#345;n&iacute; stran&#283;, tak&#382;e se sperma nem&#367;&#382;e dostat k vaj&iacute;&#269;ku, a zp&#367;sobit tak t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;. Kondom by m&#283;l b&yacute;t p&#345;ed sexem vlo&#382;en do pochvy, p&#345;i&#269;em&#382; je t&#345;eba db&aacute;t na to, aby se ho penis p&#345;edt&iacute;m nedot&yacute;kal. P&#345;i otev&iacute;r&aacute;n&iacute; kondomu d&aacute;vejte pozor, abyste nepou&#382;ili zuby nebo ostr&yacute; p&#345;edm&#283;t. D&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; je se vyhnout riziku jeho roztr&#382;en&iacute;. Men&scaron;&iacute; krou&#382;ek um&iacute;st&#283;te dovnit&#345; vag&iacute;ny a v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; krou&#382;ek kondomu na otvor vag&iacute;ny. Jedn&iacute;m z rizik p&#345;i pou&#382;it&iacute; &#382;ensk&eacute;ho kondomu je, &#382;e penis m&#367;&#382;e vklouznout mezi kondom a st&#283;nu pochvy, nebo pokud se kondom zasune p&#345;&iacute;li&scaron; hluboko, existuje mo&#382;nost, &#382;e se zasekne uvnit&#345; pochvy. Vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; kondomy jsou &uacute;&#269;inn&eacute; z 95 %.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o mal&yacute; p&#345;edm&#283;t zaveden&yacute; do d&#283;lohy, kter&yacute; m&#367;&#382;e p&#367;sobit hormon&aacute;ln&#283; nebo nehormon&aacute;ln&#283;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nitrodelozni-telisko\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> je mal&yacute; p&#345;edm&#283;t ur&#269;en&yacute; k zaveden&iacute; do d&#283;lohy, kter&yacute; m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t hormon&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo nehormon&aacute;ln&iacute;. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o mal&yacute; p&#345;edm&#283;t zaveden&yacute; do d&#283;lohy, kter&yacute; m&#367;&#382;e p&#367;sobit hormon&aacute;ln&#283; nebo nehormon&aacute;ln&#283;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nitrodelozni-telisko\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko<\/a> m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t zavedeno pouze gynekologem. Ka&#382;d&yacute; typ nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute;ho t&#283;l&iacute;ska m&aacute; jin&aacute; specifika, chr&aacute;nit p&#345;ed ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;m m&#367;&#382;e a&#382; po dobu 5 let. Pro n&#283;kter&eacute; lidi to m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t v&yacute;hodn&aacute; forma antikoncepce, proto&#382;e nevy&#382;aduje velk&eacute; &uacute;sil&iacute; a je vysoce &uacute;&#269;inn&aacute; v prevenci ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute; (99 %). P&#345;esto mohou n&#283;kter&eacute; osoby p&#345;i u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute;ho t&#283;l&iacute;ska poci&#357;ovat zv&yacute;&scaron;enou bolest a siln&eacute; krv&aacute;cen&iacute; b&#283;hem menstruace. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o mal&yacute; p&#345;edm&#283;t zaveden&yacute; do d&#283;lohy, kter&yacute; m&#367;&#382;e p&#367;sobit hormon&aacute;ln&#283; nebo nehormon&aacute;ln&#283;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nitrodelozni-telisko\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko<\/a> nechr&aacute;n&iacute; p&#345;ed pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;mi chorobami.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Antikoncep&#269;n&iacute; n&aacute;plast&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o n&aacute;plast, kter&aacute; do t&#283;la uvol&#328;uje hormony p&#345;es k&#367;&#382;i.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/antikoncepcni-naplast\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Antikoncep&#269;n&iacute; n&aacute;plast<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> je podobn&aacute; jin&yacute;m n&aacute;plastem a uvol&#328;uje do t&#283;la hormony p&#345;es k&#367;&#382;i. Obsahuje stejn&eacute; hormony jako pilulky (progesteron a estrogen), a je vyrobena tak, aby ji mohly pou&#382;&iacute;vat osoby s d&#283;lohou. N&aacute;plast je nutn&eacute; pou&#382;&iacute;vat podle pokyn&#367; na obalu. Jedna n&aacute;plast by se m&#283;la nosit p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; jeden t&yacute;den, pot&eacute; se vym&#283;n&iacute; za novou. N&aacute;plasti se tak&eacute; pou&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v cyklu 4 t&yacute;dn&#367;, 3 t&yacute;dny s n&aacute;plast&iacute; (ka&#382;d&yacute; t&yacute;den nov&aacute;) a jeden t&yacute;den bez n&aacute;plasti. N&aacute;plast by m&#283;la b&yacute;t odoln&aacute; v&#367;&#269;i vod&#283; a potu, tak&#382;e nen&iacute; nutn&eacute; &#382;&aacute;dn&eacute; omezen&iacute; re&#382;imu. Mo&#382;n&eacute; ne&#382;&aacute;douc&iacute; &uacute;&#269;inky mohou b&yacute;t podobn&eacute; jako u hormon&aacute;ln&iacute;ch tablet (v&#269;etn&#283; zv&yacute;&scaron;en&eacute;ho krevn&iacute;ho tlaku).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pesar&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o silikonovou &#269;epi&#269;ku, kter&aacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy p&#345;ed pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. Jej&iacute; princip spo&#269;&iacute;v&aacute; v tom, &#382;e &#269;epi&#269;ka zakr&yacute;v&aacute; d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; hrdlo a vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; takovou bari&eacute;ru, p&#345;es kterou spermie nemohou proniknout do d&#283;lohy a oplodnit vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pesar\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Pesar<\/a><\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;je silikonov&aacute; membr&aacute;na, kter&aacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy p&#345;ed pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pesar&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o silikonovou &#269;epi&#269;ku, kter&aacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy p&#345;ed pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. Jej&iacute; princip spo&#269;&iacute;v&aacute; v tom, &#382;e &#269;epi&#269;ka zakr&yacute;v&aacute; d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; hrdlo a vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; takovou bari&eacute;ru, p&#345;es kterou spermie nemohou proniknout do d&#283;lohy a oplodnit vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pesar\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Pesar<\/a> zakr&yacute;v&aacute; d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; hrdlo a vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; bari&eacute;ru, tak&#382;e spermie nemohou proniknout do d&#283;lohy, a tak oplodnit vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. Aby byl <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pesar&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o silikonovou &#269;epi&#269;ku, kter&aacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy p&#345;ed pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. Jej&iacute; princip spo&#269;&iacute;v&aacute; v tom, &#382;e &#269;epi&#269;ka zakr&yacute;v&aacute; d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; hrdlo a vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; takovou bari&eacute;ru, p&#345;es kterou spermie nemohou proniknout do d&#283;lohy a oplodnit vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pesar\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pesar<\/a> &uacute;&#269;inn&yacute;, mus&iacute; z&#367;stat nasazen&yacute; nejm&eacute;n&#283; 6 hodin po pohlavn&iacute;m styku a doporu&#269;uje se pou&#382;&iacute;vat spole&#269;n&#283; se spermicidn&iacute;m gelem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; 94% &uacute;&#269;innost p&#345;i prevenci ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;. Pesary maj&iacute; r&#367;zn&eacute; velikosti, tak&#382;e m&#367;&#382;e chv&iacute;li trvat, ne&#382; najdete tu spr&aacute;vnou velikost pro v&aacute;s a nau&#269;&iacute;te se je spr&aacute;vn&#283; pou&#382;&iacute;vat. Jeden <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pesar&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o silikonovou &#269;epi&#269;ku, kter&aacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy p&#345;ed pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. Jej&iacute; princip spo&#269;&iacute;v&aacute; v tom, &#382;e &#269;epi&#269;ka zakr&yacute;v&aacute; d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; hrdlo a vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; takovou bari&eacute;ru, p&#345;es kterou spermie nemohou proniknout do d&#283;lohy a oplodnit vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pesar\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pesar<\/a> lze pou&#382;&iacute;vat opakovan&#283; p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; 1-2 roky.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vasektomie<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> je chirurgick&yacute; z&aacute;krok u lid&iacute; s varlaty, p&#345;i kter&eacute;m se p&#345;eru&scaron;&iacute; nebo ut&#283;sn&iacute; trubice vedouc&iacute; spermie do penisu (ch&aacute;movody), a t&iacute;m se zabr&aacute;n&iacute; ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;. Vasektomii lze op&#283;t zvr&aacute;tit chirurgick&yacute;m op&#283;tovn&yacute;m spojen&iacute;m t&#283;chto kan&aacute;lk&#367;, &uacute;sp&#283;&scaron;nost zp&#283;tn&eacute; operace v&scaron;ak nen&iacute; zaru&#269;ena, zejm&eacute;na &#269;&iacute;m del&scaron;&iacute; doba od proveden&iacute; vasektomie uplynula. Prvn&iacute;ch n&#283;kolik t&yacute;dn&#367; (8-12) po z&aacute;kroku by se m&#283;ly pou&#382;&iacute;vat jin&eacute; antikoncep&#269;n&iacute; metody, proto&#382;e v ch&aacute;movodech mohou b&yacute;t st&aacute;le p&#345;&iacute;tomny spermie. Po vasektomii st&aacute;le doch&aacute;z&iacute; k ejakulaci, ale sperma neobsahuje spermie. N&#283;kte&#345;&iacute; lid&eacute; mohou m&iacute;t po tomto z&aacute;kroku probl&eacute;my s bolestiv&yacute;mi varlaty.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>&#381;ensk&aacute; sterilizace<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> u lid&iacute; s d&#283;lohou znamen&aacute; zablokov&aacute;n&iacute; nebo uzav&#345;en&iacute; vejcovod&#367;, aby se zabr&aacute;nilo tomu, &#382;e se vaj&iacute;&#269;ka dostanou ke spermi&iacute;m, a budou tak oplodn&#283;na. V&#283;t&scaron;ina z&aacute;krok&#367; podv&aacute;z&aacute;n&iacute; vejcovod&#367; je nevratn&aacute;. Pokud se o zp&#283;tnou operaci pokus&iacute;me, vy&#382;aduje to rozs&aacute;hl&yacute; chirurgick&yacute; z&aacute;krok, kter&yacute; nen&iacute; v&#382;dy &uacute;&#269;inn&yacute;.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; krou&#382;ek&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o m&#283;kk&yacute; plastov&yacute; krou&#382;ek, kter&yacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy a kter&yacute; uvol&#328;uje estrogen a progesteron, aby zabr&aacute;nil ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/vaginalni-krouzek\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; krou&#382;ek<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> je m&#283;kk&yacute; plastov&yacute; krou&#382;ek, kter&yacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy a kter&yacute; uvol&#328;uje estrogen a progesteron, aby zabr&aacute;nil ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;. Krou&#382;ek funguje po dobu jednoho m&#283;s&iacute;ce, pokud je spr&aacute;vn&#283; um&iacute;st&#283;n uvnit&#345; pochvy. Pokud se krou&#382;ek dostane ven, lze jej om&yacute;t teplou vodou a znovu um&iacute;stit dovnit&#345;. Je &uacute;&#269;inn&yacute; z v&iacute;ce ne&#382; 99 %.<\/span><\/p><h4><a id=\"post-6355-_heading=h.1fob9te\"><\/a><strong>3.2.4. <b>Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; a na&scaron;e t&#283;lo<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; z&aacute;vis&iacute; tak&eacute; na tom, jak&yacute; m&aacute;me vztah k vlastn&iacute;mu t&#283;lu a jakou m&aacute;me body image (v&iacute;ce se m&#367;&#382;ete do&#269;&iacute;st v t&eacute;matu <\/span><b>Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zr&aacute;n&iacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o soubor my&scaron;lenek a pocit&#367; &#269;lov&#283;ka v&#367;&#269;i vlastn&iacute;mu t&#283;lu a vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; sv&eacute; atraktivity a schopnost&iacute;, jako&#382; i vztah k sob&#283; sam&eacute;mu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/vnimani-vlastniho-tela\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la<\/a> m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t zna&#269;n&#283; ovlivn&#283;no, pokud jsou p&#345;&iacute;tomny n&#283;kter&eacute; formy poruch p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy. Negativn&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o soubor my&scaron;lenek a pocit&#367; &#269;lov&#283;ka v&#367;&#269;i vlastn&iacute;mu t&#283;lu a vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; sv&eacute; atraktivity a schopnost&iacute;, jako&#382; i vztah k sob&#283; sam&eacute;mu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/vnimani-vlastniho-tela\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la<\/a> m&#367;&#382;e tak&eacute; posilovat dr&#382;en&iacute; restriktivn&iacute;ch diet, extr&eacute;mn&iacute; cvi&#269;en&iacute; &#269;i jin&eacute; dietn&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute;. Na&scaron;e body image i poruchy p&#345;&iacute;jmu potravy jsou zna&#269;n&#283; ovlivn&#283;ny soci&aacute;ln&iacute;mi m&eacute;dii (Hogan &amp; Strasburger, 2008). Negativn&iacute; body image m&#367;&#382;e v&eacute;st tak&eacute; k touze po t&#283;lesn&yacute;ch &uacute;prav&aacute;ch k dosa&#382;en&iacute; &scaron;t&iacute;hl&eacute; postavy, po&#345;&iacute;zen&iacute; tetov&aacute;n&iacute;, piercingu nebo jin&eacute;ho ozdobn&eacute;ho atributu, ale m&#367;&#382;e se projevovat i prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m oble&#269;en&iacute;, pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;m p&#345;&iacute;pravk&#367; proti st&aacute;rnut&iacute; nebo podstupov&aacute;n&iacute;m plastick&yacute;ch operac&iacute; (Antonova et al., 2019; Song, &amp; Kim, 2005).<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sex by nem&#283;l bolet<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bolest signalizuje, &#382;e n&#283;co nen&iacute; v po&#345;&aacute;dku. M&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t zp&#367;sobena nedostate&#269;nou lubrikac&iacute; nebo t&#345;eba stresem. Kdy&#382; sex bol&iacute; (a nejde o sou&#269;&aacute;st konsenzu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;BDSM&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Svazov&aacute;n&iacute; a discipl&iacute;na, dominance a pod&#345;&iacute;zen&iacute;, sadismus a masochismus&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/bdsm\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>BDSM<\/a> praktik), m&#283;li bychom p&#345;estat nebo zpomalit. Pokud je p&#345;&iacute;&#269;inou stres nebo strach, co&#382; je velmi &#269;ast&eacute; zejm&eacute;na p&#345;i prvn&iacute;m sexu nebo s novou osobou, je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; to partnerovi sd&#283;lit a d&#283;lat v&#283;ci, kter&eacute; uklid&#328;uj&iacute; a uvol&#328;uj&iacute; svaly. Pokud je p&#345;&iacute;&#269;inou nedostate&#269;n&aacute; lubrikace, je mo&#382;n&eacute; pou&#382;&iacute;t lubrika&#269;n&iacute; gel. To je nutn&eacute; zejm&eacute;na p&#345;i an&aacute;ln&iacute;m sexu. Bolest p&#345;i sexu m&#367;&#382;e m&iacute;t i z&aacute;va&#382;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;&#269;iny, jako je <\/span><b>vaginismus, endometri&oacute;za nebo fim&oacute;za<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. V takov&yacute;ch p&#345;&iacute;padech je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; kontaktovat odborn&iacute;ka &ndash; gynekologa nebo urologa.<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rakovina prsu&nbsp;<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;esto&#382;e je rakovina prsu u dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch velmi vz&aacute;cn&aacute;, riziko u dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch a mlad&yacute;ch dosp&#283;l&yacute;ch se zvy&scaron;uje, proto je dobr&eacute; zm&iacute;nit preventivn&iacute; samovy&scaron;et&#345;en&iacute; nebo zdroje informac&iacute; pro budouc&iacute; pou&#382;it&iacute; (mamografick&eacute; vy&scaron;et&#345;en&iacute; a &uacute;hrada ze zdravotn&iacute;ho poji&scaron;t&#283;n&iacute;), hovo&#345;it o nej&#269;ast&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ch p&#345;&iacute;znac&iacute;ch, jako je nov&aacute; bulka (bulky) v prsu nebo podpa&#382;&iacute;, zm&#283;na tvaru a velikosti prsu, otok a dal&scaron;&iacute;. Samovy&scaron;et&#345;en&iacute; je ide&aacute;ln&iacute; prov&aacute;d&#283;t jednou m&#283;s&iacute;&#269;n&#283;.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak se samovy&scaron;et&#345;ovat (p&#345;esn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; n&aacute;vod najdete <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.check4cancer.com\/advice-and-awareness\/blog\/1593-handy-guide-to-performing-a-breast-self-examination-in-6-steps\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">zde<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nejlep&scaron;&iacute; doba pro samovy&scaron;et&#345;en&iacute; je 1-2 t&yacute;dny po menstruaci.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vizu&aacute;ln&#283; si prsa zkontrolujte ve stoje p&#345;ed zrcadlem, a to jak s rukama dol&#367;, tak s rukama nad hlavou, aby &scaron;ly vid&#283;t p&#345;&iacute;padn&eacute; zm&#283;ny.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pot&eacute; v poloze vle&#382;e na z&aacute;dech lehk&yacute;m tlakem dv&#283;ma nebo t&#345;emi prsty krou&#382;iv&yacute;mi pohyby obkru&#382;te prsn&iacute; tk&aacute;&#328;, a to jak na povrchu, tak i trochu hloub&#283;ji. V&scaron;imn&#283;te si p&#345;&iacute;padn&yacute;ch bulek nebo tvrdosti.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rakovina varlat&nbsp;<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rakovina varlat postihuje mlad&eacute; lidi od 15 let, proto je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; o n&iacute; informovat dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;. Typick&yacute;mi p&#345;&iacute;znaky jsou nebolestiv&yacute; otok nebo bulka v jednom z varlat, jak&aacute;koliv zm&#283;na tvaru nebo struktury varlat a zm&#283;na pevnosti varlete. Nejlep&scaron;&iacute;m preventivn&iacute;m opat&#345;en&iacute;m je tak&eacute; samovy&scaron;et&#345;en&iacute;, nejl&eacute;pe prov&aacute;d&#283;n&eacute; jednou m&#283;s&iacute;&#269;n&#283;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak prov&aacute;d&#283;t samovy&scaron;et&#345;en&iacute; (p&#345;esn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; n&aacute;vod najdete <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testicularcancerawarenessfoundation.org\/self-exam\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">zde<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">):<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uchopte horn&iacute; &#269;&aacute;st jednoho varlete mezi palec a ukazov&aacute;&#269;ek a druhou rukou si p&#345;idr&#382;te spodn&iacute; &#269;&aacute;st varlete.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lehk&yacute;m stiskem varle jemn&#283; p&#345;evalujte a vn&iacute;mejte, zda na n&#283;m nejsou tvrd&eacute; bulky nebo hrbolky.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>&#381;ensk&aacute; ob&#345;&iacute;zka<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><b><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obvykle lze &#382;enskou ob&#345;&iacute;zku definovat jako postup odstra&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute; zdrav&yacute;ch vn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ch pohlavn&iacute;ch org&aacute;n&#367; d&iacute;vek\/&#382;en ze sociokulturn&iacute;ch d&#367;vod&#367; v zem&iacute;ch mimo Evropu (&#269;asto bez jejich souhlasu nebo pln&eacute;ho pochopen&iacute; d&#367;sledk&#367; t&#283;chto z&aacute;krok&#367;). Takov&eacute; zmrza&#269;en&iacute; pohlavn&iacute;ch org&aacute;n&#367; m&#367;&#382;e v nejhor&scaron;&iacute;ch p&#345;&iacute;padech v&eacute;st a&#382; k n&aacute;hl&eacute; smrti. Dal&scaron;&iacute;mi bezprost&#345;edn&iacute;mi n&aacute;sledky m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t siln&eacute; krv&aacute;cen&iacute;, intenzivn&iacute; bolest, infekce, poran&#283;n&iacute; sousedn&iacute;ch org&aacute;n&#367;, zadr&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; mo&#269;i a obrovsk&yacute; &scaron;ok. Dlouhodob&yacute;mi n&aacute;sledky m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t tvorba cyst, vznik abscesu, dlouhotrvaj&iacute;c&iacute; infekce a mnoho dal&scaron;&iacute;ch. To m&aacute; tak&eacute; obrovsk&yacute; negativn&iacute; dopad na pot&#283;&scaron;en&iacute; a sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; &#382;ivot osob, kter&eacute; tento z&aacute;krok podstoupily (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;WHO&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Sv&#283;tov&aacute; zdravotnick&aacute; organizace&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/who\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>WHO<\/a>, 1998). Po tomto z&aacute;kroku se b&#283;&#382;n&#283; vyskytuj&iacute; psychick&eacute; pot&iacute;&#382;e, p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m posttraumatick&aacute; stresov&aacute; porucha (<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PTSD&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Posttraumatick&aacute; stresov&aacute; porucha&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/ptsd\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">PTSD<\/a>) a afektivn&iacute; poruchy. Tuto oblast je v&scaron;ak t&#345;eba v&iacute;ce zkoumat, proto&#382;e v&#283;t&scaron;ina dosavadn&iacute;ch studi&iacute; se zam&#283;&#345;ovala pouze na fyzick&eacute; aspekty &#382;ensk&eacute; ob&#345;&iacute;zky. Zapojen&iacute; informac&iacute; o &#382;ensk&eacute; ob&#345;&iacute;zce m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; diskuze o kulturn&iacute;ch standardech &#269;i ide&aacute;lu kr&aacute;sy v r&#367;zn&yacute;ch kultur&aacute;ch a o tom, jak po&scaron;kozuj&iacute; zdrav&aacute; t&#283;la (Mulongo, Hollins, &amp; McAndrew, 2014). <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V&iacute;ce o t&#283;chto t&eacute;matech si m&#367;&#382;ete p&#345;e&#269;&iacute;st v <a href=\"#post-6355-SexualMaturation8\">sekci o pohlavn&iacute;m zr&aacute;n&iacute;.<\/a><\/span><\/p><h4><a id=\"post-6355-_heading=h.zelxwbi3nkrj\"><\/a><strong>3.2.5. <b>Prov&aacute;zanost s du&scaron;evn&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;m<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p>&nbsp;<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Probl&eacute;my s du&scaron;evn&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;m lid&iacute; s men&scaron;inovou sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientac&iacute; a osob s rozmanitou genderovou identitou je t&#345;eba nejprve zasadit do kontextu historick&eacute; (av&scaron;ak na n&#283;kter&yacute;ch m&iacute;stech st&aacute;le p&#345;etrv&aacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;) patologizace a medikalizace &bdquo;homosexuality&ldquo; nebo &bdquo;transsexuality&ldquo;, kter&aacute; zavedla p&#345;etrv&aacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; formy stigmatu, je&#382; mohou komplikovat i sou&#269;asn&eacute; pozitivn&iacute; a destigmatiza&#269;n&iacute; rozhovory o du&scaron;evn&iacute;m zdrav&iacute; a pohod&#283; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> ml&aacute;de&#382;e a dosp&#283;l&yacute;ch. A&#382; do vyd&aacute;n&iacute; des&aacute;t&eacute;ho vyd&aacute;n&iacute; Mezin&aacute;rodn&iacute; klasifikace nemoc&iacute; v roce 1990 mohla b&yacute;t &bdquo;homosexualita&ldquo; patologizov&aacute;na jako jedna z diagnostick&yacute;ch kategori&iacute;. Teprve v roce 2019 byl zastaral&yacute; a stigmatizuj&iacute;c&iacute; pojem &bdquo;transsexualismus&ldquo; nahrazen &bdquo;genderovou inkongruenc&iacute;&ldquo;, kter&aacute; umo&#382;&#328;uje depatologizovat norm&aacute;ln&iacute; lidskou genderovou rozmanitost.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nicm&eacute;n&#283; i p&#345;es tuto ned&aacute;vnou depatologizaci, kter&aacute; jasn&#283; ukazuje, &#382;e na tom, &#382;e je &#269;lov&#283;k <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a>, nen&iacute; nic &scaron;patn&eacute;ho a nejde o onemocn&#283;n&iacute;, v&yacute;zkumy t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute; se pohody a du&scaron;evn&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> lid&iacute; nad&aacute;le dokazuj&iacute;, &#382;e &#382;ivot ve sv&#283;t&#283;, kter&yacute; prosazuje r&#367;zn&eacute; cisheteronormativn&iacute; formy marginalizace, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> a stigmatizace, p&#345;edstavuje dal&scaron;&iacute; v&yacute;zvy, kter&eacute; mohou zp&#367;sobovat psychick&eacute; pot&iacute;&#382;e a v&eacute;st ke zdravotn&iacute;m rozd&iacute;l&#367;m. Tyto dodate&#269;n&eacute; v&yacute;zvy jsou &#269;asto zahrnuty do pojmu <\/span><b>men&scaron;inov&yacute; stres<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (v&#269;etn&#283; stigmatizace, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a>, nesouhlasu rodiny, spole&#269;ensk&eacute;ho odm&iacute;tnut&iacute;, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;N&aacute;sil&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o z&aacute;va&#382;n&eacute; poru&scaron;en&iacute; lidsk&yacute;ch pr&aacute;v, kter&eacute; omezuje pr&aacute;vo lid&iacute; na &#382;ivot, svobodu, bezpe&#269;nost, d&#367;stojnost, du&scaron;evn&iacute; a t&#283;lesnou integritu a nediskriminaci.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nasili\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">n&aacute;sil&iacute;<\/a> a dal&scaron;&iacute;ch forem viktimizace a marginalizace), Nap&#345;&iacute;klad mezin&aacute;rodn&iacute; v&yacute;zkumy ukazuj&iacute;, &#382;e pravd&#283;podobnost sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho napaden&iacute;, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;N&aacute;sil&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o z&aacute;va&#382;n&eacute; poru&scaron;en&iacute; lidsk&yacute;ch pr&aacute;v, kter&eacute; omezuje pr&aacute;vo lid&iacute; na &#382;ivot, svobodu, bezpe&#269;nost, d&#367;stojnost, du&scaron;evn&iacute; a t&#283;lesnou integritu a nediskriminaci.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nasili\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">n&aacute;sil&iacute;<\/a> p&#345;i rand&#283;n&iacute; a &scaron;ikany je u <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> studuj&iacute;c&iacute;ch mnohem vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; ne&#382; u jejich heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch vrstevn&iacute;k&#367; (Pito&#328;&aacute;k, 2017; Pl&ouml;derl, &amp; Tremblay, 2015). V d&#367;sledku men&scaron;inov&eacute;ho stresu mezin&aacute;rodn&iacute; v&yacute;zkumy dokl&aacute;daj&iacute;, &#382;e <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> jedinci &#269;el&iacute; dodate&#269;n&eacute;mu a v&yacute;znamn&eacute;mu stresu, kter&yacute; se m&#367;&#382;e projevovat n&#283;kolikan&aacute;sobn&#283; vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; m&iacute;rou &uacute;zkosti nebo deprese, n&#283;kolikan&aacute;sobn&#283; vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; m&iacute;rou sebevra&#382;edn&yacute;ch my&scaron;lenek a pokus&#367; o sebevra&#382;du, &#269;ast&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;m u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;m n&aacute;vykov&yacute;ch l&aacute;tek, jako&#382; i vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute; m&iacute;rou zame&scaron;k&aacute;n&iacute; &scaron;koln&iacute; doch&aacute;zky, nap&#345;&iacute;klad z d&#367;vodu obav o vlastn&iacute; bezpe&#269;&iacute;. Krom&#283; toho strach z <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> v rodin&#283; a v syst&eacute;mu zdravotn&iacute; p&eacute;&#269;e zp&#367;sobuje, &#382;e se mnoho <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> lid&iacute; vyh&yacute;b&aacute; vyhled&aacute;n&iacute; odpov&iacute;daj&iacute;c&iacute; p&eacute;&#269;e.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D&#367;le&#382;itost informovanosti o dopadech stigmatizace, marginalizace a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diskriminace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze ji definovat jako nerovn&eacute; nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s ur&#269;itou osobou nebo se skupinou osob v d&#367;sledku p&#345;edsudk&#367;. Nejedn&aacute; se pouze o odsudky nebo nep&#345;&iacute;zniv&eacute; pocity, ale o projevy nesn&aacute;&scaron;enlivosti, kter&eacute; spo&#269;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a\/nebo vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; osob, v&#367;&#269;i nim&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k p&#345;edsudky. It is not only judgements or unfavourable feelings but acts of intolerance that consist of rejecting and\/or excluding people against whom one is prejudiced. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/diskriminace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diskriminace<\/a> na du&scaron;evn&iacute; zdrav&iacute; v&scaron;ak nekon&#269;&iacute; pozn&aacute;n&iacute;m jejich neblah&yacute;ch &uacute;&#269;ink&#367;. Mus&iacute;me si b&yacute;t v&#283;domi tak&eacute; strategi&iacute;, kter&eacute; mohou pomoci jejich dopady zm&iacute;rnit. &Scaron;koly mohou nap&#345;&iacute;klad zav&eacute;st pravidla a metodiky, kter&eacute; berou v potaz rozmanitost a inkluzi ve &scaron;koln&iacute;m prost&#345;ed&iacute;, a ujistit se, &#382;e tato pravidla jsou jasn&#283; ke v&scaron;em komunikov&aacute;na (nap&#345;. v&#269;etn&#283; potenci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch &scaron;ikanuj&iacute;c&iacute;ch). V&yacute;zkum prok&aacute;zal, &#382;e studenti ve &scaron;kol&aacute;ch, kter&eacute; takov&aacute; pravidla zavedly, m&#283;li ni&#382;&scaron;&iacute; sebevra&#382;ednost ve srovn&aacute;n&iacute; se studenty ve &scaron;kol&aacute;ch, kter&eacute; takov&aacute; pravidla nem&#283;ly (Hatzenbuhler, 2011). <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-educators\/1-identity-sexual-diversity-6349\/\">V&iacute;ce se do&#269;tete v t&eacute;matu Identita: Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; rozmanitost.<\/a><\/span><\/p><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> &ndash; 3.3. <b>DISKRIMINA&#268;N&Iacute; SITUACE K T&Eacute;MATU<\/b>&nbsp;&ndash; <i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mnoho stereotyp&#367; a p&#345;edsudk&#367; m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t zra&#328;uj&iacute;c&iacute;ch, v&#269;etn&#283;:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O&#269;ek&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;, &#382;e mu&#382;i jsou v&#382;dy p&#345;ipraveni na sex.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Homosexu&aacute;ln&iacute; mu&#382;i nedok&aacute;&#382;ou nav&aacute;zat stabiln&iacute; a pe&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute; vztah a zaj&iacute;maj&iacute; se pouze o p&#345;&iacute;le&#382;itostn&yacute; sex.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dob&#345;e vychovan&eacute; d&iacute;vky nemaj&iacute; z&aacute;jem o sex.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Situace, kdy je p&#345;edn&aacute;&scaron;ka a informace o <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> v&#382;dy spojena s debatou o <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> lidech. Je to p&#345;&iacute;klad stigmatizace <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> lid&iacute; (zejm&eacute;na gay komunity).<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gayov&eacute; a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;P&#345;&iacute;davn&eacute; jm&eacute;no pou&#382;&iacute;van&eacute; n&#283;kter&yacute;mi lidmi, jejich&#382; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace nen&iacute; v&yacute;hradn&#283; heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;. Tento zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n zahrnuje lidi, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, genderov&#283; fluidn&iacute; nebo genderov&#283; nekonformn&iacute; identitu. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> lid&eacute; jsou automaticky spojov&aacute;ni s vy&scaron;&scaron;&iacute;m v&yacute;skytem pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stigma kolem l&eacute;k&#367;, jako je <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PrEP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Preexpozi&#269;n&iacute; profylaxe: l&eacute;k, kter&yacute; mohou lid&eacute; ohro&#382;en&iacute; virem HIV u&#382;&iacute;vat, aby zabr&aacute;nili p&#345;enosu viru.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/prep\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">PrEP<\/a> &ndash; nap&#345;. zach&aacute;zen&iacute; s lidmi, kte&#345;&iacute; je cht&#283;j&iacute; u&#382;&iacute;vat, jako s lidmi, kte&#345;&iacute; cht&#283;j&iacute; b&yacute;t nezodpov&#283;dn&iacute; ve sv&eacute;m sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m chov&aacute;n&iacute;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zahanbov&aacute;n&iacute; lid&iacute; za to, &#382;e &#382;ij&iacute; bohat&yacute;m sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m &#382;ivotem.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>3.4. <b>P&#344;&Iacute;KLADY DOBR&Eacute; PRAXE<\/b><\/h3><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><h4><strong>3.4.1. <b>Tipy t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute; se sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute; obecn&#283;<\/b><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uv&#283;domte si a p&#345;ijm&#283;te skute&#269;nost, &#382;e jednotlivci proch&aacute;zej&iacute; stadii fyzick&eacute;ho, emocion&aacute;ln&iacute;ho, sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho a soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ho v&yacute;voje r&#367;zn&yacute;m tempem.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nemus&iacute;te se ob&aacute;vat, &#382;e byste sv&yacute;m d&#283;tem &#345;&iacute;kali n&#283;co, na co si mysl&iacute;te, &#382;e je&scaron;t&#283; nejsou dost star&eacute;. Pokud se v&aacute;s na to zeptaj&iacute;, pak je na m&iacute;st&#283; pravdiv&#283; a v&#283;ku p&#345;im&#283;&#345;en&#283; odpov&#283;d&#283;t na jejich ot&aacute;zky.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pamatujte, &#382;e sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; se nerovn&aacute; nep&#345;&iacute;tomnosti nemoci, je mnohem komplexn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;, proto&#382;e zahrnuje tak&eacute; emoce a psychickou pohodu, v&#269;etn&#283; stresov&yacute;ch faktor&#367; a spole&#269;ensk&yacute;ch norem v&#367;&#269;i sexualit&#283;. Hovo&#345;te o &scaron;k&aacute;le r&#367;zn&yacute;ch zp&#367;sob&#367; chov&aacute;n&iacute; v r&aacute;mci sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho projevu a poskytn&#283;te informace o tom, co m&#367;&#382;e znamenat sexu&aacute;ln&#283; zdrav&eacute; jedn&aacute;n&iacute; a volba.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kdy&#382; mluv&iacute;te o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;, zahr&#328;te definici a diskuzi o vlivu vrstevn&iacute;k&#367; a tak&eacute; o tom, jak m&#367;&#382;e ovlivnit <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jde o chov&aacute;n&iacute; jednotlivce, kter&eacute; m&#367;&#382;e, ale nemus&iacute;, b&yacute;t v souladu s jeho sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientac&iacute; a identitou.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexualni-chovani\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute;<\/a> &#269;lov&#283;ka a jak ho ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; tak&eacute; spole&#269;ensk&eacute; normy t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute; se <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> a genderu. Procvi&#269;ujte rozhodov&aacute;n&iacute; o vlastn&iacute;ch hranic&iacute;ch a sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute; a tak&eacute; o tom, jak m&#367;&#382;e vypadat racion&aacute;ln&iacute; rozhodov&aacute;n&iacute;. Lze prov&aacute;d&#283;t i aktivity zam&#283;&#345;en&eacute; na n&aacute;cvik asertivn&iacute; komunikace, odm&iacute;t&aacute;n&iacute; a vyjedn&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; (Women, U. N., &amp; UNICEF, 2018).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doporu&#269;ujeme za&#269;&iacute;t s diskuz&iacute; o zdrav&iacute; na&scaron;eho t&#283;la obecn&#283; &ndash; jak m&#367;&#382;eme pe&#269;ovat o sv&eacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; a zd&#367;raznit jeho pozitivn&iacute; str&aacute;nky, jak m&#367;&#382;eme c&iacute;tit pot&#283;&scaron;en&iacute;, rozko&scaron; apod.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>3.4.3. <\/strong><b>Tipy t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute; se du&scaron;evn&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute;<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Umo&#382;n&#283;te &#382;&aacute;k&#367;m prozkoumat a pochopit v&yacute;znam jejich pot&#345;eb, pr&aacute;v a jejich vlivu na du&scaron;evn&iacute; pohodu. Uve&#271;te, co znamen&aacute; du&scaron;evn&iacute; zdrav&iacute;, a popi&scaron;te n&#283;kter&eacute; faktory, kter&eacute; mohou v&eacute;st ke &scaron;patn&eacute;mu du&scaron;evn&iacute;mu zdrav&iacute;. Za&#345;a&#271;te diskuzi o mo&#382;n&yacute;ch zp&#367;sobech prevence a podpory du&scaron;evn&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute; sebe i druh&yacute;ch, diskutujte z&aacute;rove&#328; o psychosoci&aacute;ln&iacute; podpo&#345;e a p&eacute;&#269;i o du&scaron;evn&iacute; zdrav&iacute; a tak&eacute; o tom, jak ji z&iacute;skat (FHI360 Open Doors Project, 2019).<\/span><\/p><h3>3.5. REFERENCE<\/h3><p>Alberta (n.d.). Ground rules. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/teachingsexualhealth.ca\/teachers\/sexual-health-education\/understanding-your-role\/get-prepared\/ground-rules\/\">https:\/\/teachingsexualhealth.ca\/teachers\/sexual-health-education\/understanding-your-role\/get-prepared\/ground-rules\/<\/a><\/p><p><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;APA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Americk&aacute; psychologick&aacute; asociace&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/apa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>APA<\/a> (n.d.). Masturbation. Available from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/masturbation\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/masturbation<\/a><\/p><p>Antonova, N., Merenkov, A., Gurarii, A., &amp; Grunt, E. (2019, May). Body Image: Body Modification Practices. In 2019 International Conference on Pedagogy, Communication and Sociology (ICPCS 2019) (pp. 289-292). Atlantis Press.<\/p><p>Baggaley, R. F., White, R. G., &amp; Boily, M. C. (2010). <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> transmission risk through anal intercourse: systematic review, meta-analysis and implications for <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> prevention. International journal of epidemiology, 39(4), 1048-1063. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyq057\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyq057<\/a><\/p><p>Berenbaum, S. A., Beltz, A. M., &amp; Corley, R. (2015). The importance of puberty for adolescent development: conceptualization and measurement. Advances in child development and behaviour, 48, 53-92.<\/p><p>Blomquist, P. B., Mohammed, H., Mikhail, A., Weatherburn, P., Reid, D., Wayal, S., &hellip; &amp; Mercer, C. H. (2020). Characteristics and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexual health&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o zna&#269;n&#283; komplexn&iacute; stav pohody a zahrnuje v&iacute;ce ne&#382; jen nep&#345;&iacute;tomnost pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob nebo nemoc&iacute; STD. Dle WHO diskuze o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute; vy&#382;aduje pozitivn&iacute; a respektuj&iacute;c&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;stup, kter&yacute; umo&#382;&#328;uje sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; interakce a p&#345;&iacute;jemn&eacute; z&aacute;&#382;itky, je&#382; jsou bezpe&#269;n&eacute; a bez n&aacute;tlaku, diskriminace a n&aacute;sil&iacute;. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexual-health\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexual health<\/a> service use of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;MSM&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Mu&#382;i maj&iacute;c&iacute; sex s mu&#382;i&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/msm\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>MSM<\/a> engaging in <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chemsex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze jej definovat jako zapojov&aacute;n&iacute; se do sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute;, odbour&aacute;n&iacute; nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/chemsex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">chemsex<\/a>: results from a large online survey in England. Sexually transmitted infections, 96(8), 590-595.<\/p><p>Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021). Sexually Transmitted Infections Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost Estimates in the United States. Available from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/statistics\/prevalence-2020-at-a-glance.htm\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/statistics\/prevalence-2020-at-a-glance.htm<\/a><\/p><p>Desai, M., Field, N., Grant, R., &amp; McCormack, S. (2017). Recent advances in pre-exposure prophylaxis for <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a>. BMJ, j5011. doi:10.1136\/bmj.j5011<\/p><p>Drysdale, K. (2021). &lsquo;Scene&rsquo;as a critical framing device: Extending analysis of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chemsex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze jej definovat jako zapojov&aacute;n&iacute; se do sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute;, odbour&aacute;n&iacute; nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/chemsex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">chemsex<\/a> cultures. Sexualities, 1363460721995467.<\/p><p>Drysdale, K., Bryant, J., Hopwood, M., Dowsett, G. W., Holt, M., Lea, T., &hellip; &amp; Treloar, C. (2020). Destabilising the &lsquo;problem&rsquo;of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chemsex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze jej definovat jako zapojov&aacute;n&iacute; se do sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute;, odbour&aacute;n&iacute; nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/chemsex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">chemsex<\/a>: Diversity in settings, relations and practices revealed in Australian gay and bisexual men&rsquo;s crystal methamphetamine use. International Journal of Drug Policy, 78, 102697.<\/p><p>Eisinger, R. W., Dieffenbach, C. W., &amp; Fauci, A. S. (2019). <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> Viral Load and Transmissibility of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> Infection. JAMA, 321(5), 451. doi:10.1001\/jama.2018.21167.<\/p><p>FHI360 Open Doors Project (2019). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Gender<\/a>, sexuality, and sexual orientation. Training manual. Available from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fhi360.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/documents\/resource-zambia-open-doors-gss-training-manual.pdf\">https:\/\/www.fhi360.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/documents\/resource-zambia-open-doors-gss-training-manual.pdf<\/a><\/p><p>Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2011). The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth. PEDIATRICS. 127: 896-903.<\/p><p>Hazen, E., Schlozman, S., &amp; Beresin, E. (2008). Adolescent psychological development: a review. Pediatrics in review, 29(5), 161-168.<\/p><p>Hogan, M. J., &amp; Strasburger, V. C. (2008). Body image, eating disorders, and the media. Adolesc Med State <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ART&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Antiretrovirov&aacute; l&eacute;&#269;ba&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/art\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Art<\/a> Rev, 19(3), 521-546.<\/p><p>Knight, R., Karamouzian, M., Carson, A., Edward, J., Carrieri, P., Shoveller, J., &hellip; &amp; Fast, D. (2019). Interventions to address substance use and sexual risk among gay, bisexual and other men <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;WHO&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Sv&#283;tov&aacute; zdravotnick&aacute; organizace&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/who\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>who<\/a> have sex with men <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;WHO&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Sv&#283;tov&aacute; zdravotnick&aacute; organizace&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/who\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>who<\/a> use methamphetamine: a systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 194, 410-429.<\/p><p>Leahy, B. (2018). Language used to convey <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a> infection risk is important. The Lancet <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;HIV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Virus lidsk&eacute;ho imunodeficitu&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/hiv\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>HIV<\/a>, 5(6), e272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30103-6<\/p><p>Levin, R. J. (2007). Sexual activity, health and well-being &ndash; the beneficial roles of coitus and masturbation. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 22(1), 135&ndash;148. doi:10.1080\/14681990601149197<\/p><p>Maxwell, S., Shahmanesh, M., &amp; Gafos, M. (2019). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chemsex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze jej definovat jako zapojov&aacute;n&iacute; se do sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute;, odbour&aacute;n&iacute; nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/chemsex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Chemsex<\/a> behaviours among men <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;WHO&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Sv&#283;tov&aacute; zdravotnick&aacute; organizace&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/who\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>who<\/a> have sex with men: a systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Drug Policy, 63, 74-89.<\/p><p>Mon Kyaw Soe, N., Bird, Y., Schwandt, M., &amp; Moraros, J. (2018). STI Health Disparities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Preventive Interventions in Educational Settings. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2819. doi:10.3390\/ijerph15122819<\/p><p>Mulongo, P., Hollins, C., &amp; McAndrew, S. (2014). The psychological impact of female genital mutilation\/cutting (FGM\/C) on girls\/women&rsquo;s mental health: a narrative literature review. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 32(5), 469-485.<\/p><p>NHS (2021). Sexually transmitted infections (<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;STIs&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Sexu&aacute;ln&#283; p&#345;enosn&eacute; infekce&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/stis\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">STIs<\/a>). Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis\/\">https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis\/<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/contraception\/\">https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/contraception\/<\/a><\/p><p>Patel, P., Borkowf, C. B., Brooks, J. 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Mental health in non-heterosexuals: <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Minority stress&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;viz dist&aacute;ln&iacute; a proxim&aacute;ln&iacute; men&scaron;inov&yacute; stres.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/minority-stress\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Minority stress<\/a> theory and related explanation frameworks review. Mental Health &amp; Prevention, 5, 63-73.<\/p><p>Rullo, J. E., Lorenz, T., Ziegelmann, M. J., Meihofer, L., Herbenick, D., &amp; Faubion, S. S. (2018). Genital vibration for sexual function and enhancement: a review of evidence. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 33(3), 263-274.<\/p><p>Song, K. J., &amp; Kim, J. S. (2005). The effects of body-image measured by multi measurements on body modification, self-concept, and clothing behaviour. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 29(3_4), 391-402.<\/p><p>Teal, S., &amp; Edelman, A. (2021). Contraception selection, effectiveness, and adverse effects: a review. JAMA, 326(24), 2507-2518.<\/p><p>Uholyeva, X., &amp; Pito&#328;&aacute;k, M. (2022). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chemsex&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lze jej definovat jako zapojov&aacute;n&iacute; se do sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch aktivit pod vlivem specifick&yacute;ch rekrea&#269;n&iacute;ch drog obvykle za &uacute;&#269;elem udr&#382;en&iacute;, pos&iacute;len&iacute;, prodlou&#382;en&iacute;, odbour&aacute;n&iacute; nebo usnadn&#283;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pro&#382;itku.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/chemsex\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Chemsex<\/a> users in Czechia: EMIS survey. Central European Journal of Public Health, 30(2), 86-92.<\/p><p>Women, U. N., &amp; UNICEF. (2018). International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed approach. UNESCO Publishing.<\/p><p><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;WHO&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Sv&#283;tov&aacute; zdravotnick&aacute; organizace&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/who\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>WHO<\/a> (1998). Female genital mutilation: an overview. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;WHO&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Sv&#283;tov&aacute; zdravotnick&aacute; organizace&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/who\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>WHO<\/a>.<\/p><p><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;WHO&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Sv&#283;tov&aacute; zdravotnick&aacute; organizace&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/who\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>WHO<\/a> (n.d.). <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexual health&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o zna&#269;n&#283; komplexn&iacute; stav pohody a zahrnuje v&iacute;ce ne&#382; jen nep&#345;&iacute;tomnost pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob nebo nemoc&iacute; STD. Dle WHO diskuze o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute; vy&#382;aduje pozitivn&iacute; a respektuj&iacute;c&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;stup, kter&yacute; umo&#382;&#328;uje sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; interakce a p&#345;&iacute;jemn&eacute; z&aacute;&#382;itky, je&#382; jsou bezpe&#269;n&eacute; a bez n&aacute;tlaku, diskriminace a n&aacute;sil&iacute;. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexual-health\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sexual health<\/a>. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/sexual-health#tab=tab_1\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/sexual-health#tab=tab_1<\/a><\/p><p>and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/sexual-ghealth#tab=tab_3\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/sexual-ghealth#tab=tab_3<\/a><\/p><p>Zaneva, M., Philpott, A., Singh, A., Larsson, G., &amp; Gonsalves, L. (2022). What is the added value of incorporating pleasure in <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexual health&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o zna&#269;n&#283; komplexn&iacute; stav pohody a zahrnuje v&iacute;ce ne&#382; jen nep&#345;&iacute;tomnost pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob nebo nemoc&iacute; STD. Dle WHO diskuze o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute; vy&#382;aduje pozitivn&iacute; a respektuj&iacute;c&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;stup, kter&yacute; umo&#382;&#328;uje sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; interakce a p&#345;&iacute;jemn&eacute; z&aacute;&#382;itky, je&#382; jsou bezpe&#269;n&eacute; a bez n&aacute;tlaku, diskriminace a n&aacute;sil&iacute;. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexual-health\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexual health<\/a> interventions? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos one, 17(2), e0261034.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; souvis&iacute; s t&#283;lesn&yacute;m i du&scaron;evn&iacute;m zdrav&iacute;m a celkovou pohodou &#269;lov&#283;ka a lid&eacute; r&#367;zn&yacute;ch sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch orientac&iacute; a genderov&yacute;ch identit ho mohou pro&#382;&iacute;vat r&#367;zn&#283;. Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; je tak&eacute; zna&#269;n&#283; ovlivn&#283;no kulturn&iacute;mi normami, nap&#345;&iacute;klad standardy &bdquo;mu&#382;nosti&ldquo; a &bdquo;&#382;enskosti&ldquo; a t&iacute;m, jak dle t&#283;chto norem maj&iacute; souviset se sexualitou. Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; neznamen&aacute; pouze absenci sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch onemocn&#283;n&iacute;, je [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":9147,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-10110","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10110"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10110\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/9147"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=10110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}