{"id":10090,"date":"2023-04-28T17:19:40","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T17:19:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/docs\/guide-for-families\/8-sexual-maturation-8826\/"},"modified":"2023-09-15T13:39:45","modified_gmt":"2023-09-15T13:39:45","slug":"8-sexual-maturation-8826","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/docs\/guide-for-families\/8-sexual-maturation-8826\/","title":{"rendered":"8. SEXU\u00c1LN\u00cd DOSP\u00cdV\u00c1N\u00cd"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10090\" class=\"elementor elementor-10090 elementor-8826\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48715b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48715b0\" data-element_type=\"section\"><div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d6559c6\" data-id=\"d6559c6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51aaa39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"51aaa39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_evolution_of_a_child_during_puberty_295d9e96-13ce-46e6-84a1-9893f7eee603-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8667\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_evolution_of_a_child_during_puberty_295d9e96-13ce-46e6-84a1-9893f7eee603-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_evolution_of_a_child_during_puberty_295d9e96-13ce-46e6-84a1-9893f7eee603-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_evolution_of_a_child_during_puberty_295d9e96-13ce-46e6-84a1-9893f7eee603-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_evolution_of_a_child_during_puberty_295d9e96-13ce-46e6-84a1-9893f7eee603-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_evolution_of_a_child_during_puberty_295d9e96-13ce-46e6-84a1-9893f7eee603-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_evolution_of_a_child_during_puberty_295d9e96-13ce-46e6-84a1-9893f7eee603.png 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dc3eff elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7dc3eff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9a08fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9a08fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; v&yacute;voj&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Je to komplexn&iacute; proces, kter&yacute; zahrnuje emocion&aacute;ln&iacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute;, kulturn&iacute; a fyzick&eacute; aspekty a za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; mnohem d&#345;&iacute;ve ne&#382; v pubert&#283;, nicm&eacute;n&#283; v obdob&iacute; puberty je intenzivn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a viditeln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexualni-vyvoj\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; v&yacute;voj<\/a> je komplexn&iacute; proces, kter&yacute; zahrnuje emocion&aacute;ln&iacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute;, kulturn&iacute; a fyzick&eacute; aspekty a za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; mnohem d&#345;&iacute;ve ne&#382; v pubert&#283;, nicm&eacute;n&#283; v pubert&#283; je intenzivn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a viditeln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Informovat d&#283;ti o nadch&aacute;zej&iacute;c&iacute;ch zm&#283;n&aacute;ch v pubert&#283; bezpe&#269;n&yacute;m a otev&#345;en&yacute;m zp&#367;sobem ji&#382; v ran&eacute;m v&#283;ku je pro jejich v&yacute;voj p&#345;&iacute;nosn&eacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mnoho t&eacute;mat souvisej&iacute;c&iacute;ch s na&scaron;&iacute;m t&#283;lem je st&aacute;le tabuizov&aacute;no nebo siln&#283; stereotypizov&aacute;no (ochlupen&iacute;, panensk&aacute; bl&aacute;na, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masturbace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o manipulaci s vlastn&iacute;mi pohlavn&iacute;mi org&aacute;ny, obvykle penisem nebo klitorisem, za &uacute;&#269;elem sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho uspokojen&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/masturbace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">masturbace<\/a> atd.), co&#382; &scaron;kod&iacute; obrazu t&#283;la a sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;mu zdrav&iacute; mlad&yacute;ch lid&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Existuje cel&aacute; &#345;ada antikoncep&#269;n&iacute;ch metod, kter&eacute; lze zvolit podle individu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch preferenc&iacute;, p&#345;esto se kondomy uk&aacute;zaly jako jedna z nejspolehliv&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ch metod, jak zabr&aacute;nit necht&#283;n&eacute;mu t&#283;hotenstv&iacute; i p&#345;enosu pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519ae1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"519ae1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>8.1. &Uacute;VOD<\/h3><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; v&yacute;voj&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Je to komplexn&iacute; proces, kter&yacute; zahrnuje emocion&aacute;ln&iacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute;, kulturn&iacute; a fyzick&eacute; aspekty a za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; mnohem d&#345;&iacute;ve ne&#382; v pubert&#283;, nicm&eacute;n&#283; v obdob&iacute; puberty je intenzivn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a viditeln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexualni-vyvoj\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; v&yacute;voj<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">je slo&#382;it&yacute; proces, kter&yacute; zahrnuje emocion&aacute;ln&iacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute;, kulturn&iacute; a fyzick&eacute; aspekty a za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; mnohem d&#345;&iacute;ve ne&#382; v pubert&#283;, av&scaron;ak v pubert&#283; je intenzivn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a viditeln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;. Nikdy nen&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;li&scaron; brzy na to, abyste o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m a reproduk&#269;n&iacute;m zdrav&iacute; s d&#283;tmi mluvili a odpov&iacute;dali na jejich ot&aacute;zky &ndash; a p&#345;itom pou&#382;&iacute;vali jazyk p&#345;im&#283;&#345;en&yacute; jejich v&#283;ku. Je to skv&#283;l&aacute; p&#345;&iacute;le&#382;itost, jak nab&iacute;dnout kvalitn&iacute; informace a nastavit otev&#345;enou a bezpe&#269;nou atmosf&eacute;ru, v n&iacute;&#382; mluven&iacute; o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m zdrav&iacute; nen&iacute; tabu.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rychl&eacute; t&#283;lesn&eacute; zm&#283;ny v obdob&iacute; puberty mohou b&yacute;t pro mlad&eacute; lidi matouc&iacute; a n&aacute;ro&#269;n&eacute; na jejich t&#283;lesn&yacute; obraz (kv&#367;li norm&aacute;m kr&aacute;sy).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute;, aby dosp&#283;l&iacute; v&#283;d&#283;li, jak lidsk&eacute; t&#283;lo funguje. O intimn&iacute;ch vztaz&iacute;ch a sexu by se m&#283;li vzd&#283;l&aacute;vat tak&eacute; u&#269;itel&eacute; a rodi&#269;e. To je zt&iacute;&#382;eno t&iacute;m, &#382;e se tato t&eacute;mata postupem &#269;asu stala tabu kv&#367;li jejich vztahu k sexualit&#283; a &#269;ast&yacute;m m&yacute;t&#367;m.<\/span><\/p><h3>8.2. ROZVOJ T&Eacute;MATU<\/h3><h4><strong>8.2.1.&nbsp;<\/strong><b>F&aacute;ze sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho v&yacute;voje<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zp&#367;sob, jak&yacute;m dosp&#283;l&iacute; p&#345;em&yacute;&scaron;lej&iacute; o sexualit&#283;, je pon&#283;kud odli&scaron;n&yacute; od toho, jak ji vn&iacute;maj&iacute; d&#283;ti, co&#382; v&scaron;ak neznamen&aacute;, &#382;e ji nevn&iacute;maj&iacute; v&#367;bec. V kojeneck&eacute;m a ran&eacute;m d&#283;tsk&eacute;m v&#283;ku (0-5 let) je norm&aacute;ln&iacute;, &#382;e jsou zv&#283;dav&eacute; ohledn&#283; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la, dot&yacute;kaj&iacute; se ho pro pocit uklidn&#283;n&iacute; a nemaj&iacute; &#382;&aacute;dn&eacute; z&aacute;brany ohledn&#283; nahoty. Kolem t&#345;et&iacute;ho roku v&#283;ku m&#367;&#382;e zv&#283;davost v&eacute;st ke hr&aacute;m na &bdquo;doktora&ldquo; nebo k dotaz&#367;m, odkud se berou d&#283;ti. Ji&#382; v tomto v&#283;ku d&#283;ti dob&#345;e ch&aacute;pou <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; role&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a &#269;innosti, kter&eacute; p&#345;isuzujeme lidem na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich biologick&eacute;ho pohlav&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-role\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&eacute; role<\/a> ve spole&#269;nosti, ve kter&eacute; &#382;ij&iacute;, a tak&eacute; za&#269;&iacute;naj&iacute; vn&iacute;mat sv&#367;j vlastn&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a>. Jsou si tak&eacute; v&iacute;ce v&#283;domy spole&#269;ensk&yacute;ch norem t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute;ch se sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho chov&aacute;n&iacute; a jejich vlastn&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; projevy za&#269;&iacute;naj&iacute; b&yacute;t skryt&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; (na rozd&iacute;l od velmi otev&#345;en&yacute;ch projev&#367; v ni&#382;&scaron;&iacute;m v&#283;ku). V p&#345;ed&scaron;koln&iacute;m a ran&eacute;m &scaron;koln&iacute;m v&#283;ku (5-8 let) je b&#283;&#382;n&eacute;, &#382;e d&#283;ti vn&iacute;maj&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genderov&eacute; role&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uj&iacute; chov&aacute;n&iacute; a &#269;innosti, kter&eacute; p&#345;isuzujeme lidem na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich biologick&eacute;ho pohlav&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/genderove-role\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">genderov&eacute; role<\/a> je&scaron;t&#283; siln&#283;ji, je tak&eacute; obvykl&eacute;, &#382;e se sna&#382;&iacute; masturbovat pro p&#345;&iacute;jemn&eacute; pocity. Mohou b&yacute;t tak&eacute; zv&#283;dav&eacute; na sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; aktivity nebo zkoum&aacute;n&iacute; se sv&yacute;mi vrstevn&iacute;ky.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V pozdn&iacute;m d&#283;tstv&iacute; a v pubert&#283; se t&#283;lesn&eacute; zm&#283;ny st&aacute;vaj&iacute; v&yacute;razn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;mi a do hry vstupuj&iacute; sekund&aacute;rn&iacute; pohlavn&iacute; znaky v d&#367;sledku hormon&aacute;ln&iacute;ch zm&#283;n. To zahrnuje r&#367;st do v&yacute;&scaron;ky, zm&#283;ny v rozlo&#382;en&iacute; tuku, zm&#283;ny hlasu, r&#367;st vlas&#367;, r&#367;st prsou, roz&scaron;i&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute; ramen nebo bok&#367; atd. U lid&iacute; s vulvou p&#345;ich&aacute;z&iacute; za&#269;&aacute;tek m&#283;s&iacute;&#269;n&iacute; menstruace a u lid&iacute; s penisem se za&#269;&iacute;naj&iacute; objevovat no&#269;n&iacute; poluce a erekce. V&#283;k puberty se u r&#367;zn&yacute;ch lid&iacute; zna&#269;n&#283; li&scaron;&iacute;, proto&#382;e m&#367;&#382;e za&#269;&iacute;t ji&#382; v sedmi letech, nebo mnohem pozd&#283;ji nap&#345;&iacute;klad ve 12 letech (National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2009).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Odhaduje se, &#382;e v&#283;k, kdy d&#283;ti za&#269;&iacute;naj&iacute; poci&#357;ovat <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; p&#345;ita&#382;livost&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Popisuje mezilidsk&yacute; psychologick&yacute; rozm&#283;r sexuality, jen&#382; se t&yacute;k&aacute; romantick&yacute;ch a sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch cit&#367;, kter&eacute; chov&aacute;me k druh&yacute;m.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexualni-pritazlivost\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; p&#345;ita&#382;livost<\/a>, se m&#367;&#382;e siln&#283; a jist&#283; objevit kolem 10. roku v&#283;ku, a to bez ohledu na jejich <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> nebo sexualitu (Pattatucci, &amp; Hamer, 1995). Ji&#382; &scaron;est&yacute; rok &#382;ivota je pova&#382;ov&aacute;n za v&#283;k n&aacute;r&#367;stu sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; subjektivity d&#283;t&iacute; v d&#367;sledku n&aacute;stupu adrenarche (Herdt &amp; McClintock, 2000). Adrenarche je proces zv&yacute;&scaron;en&eacute; produkce androgen&#367; v nadledvin&aacute;ch, kter&yacute; ovliv&#328;uje emocion&aacute;ln&iacute; a psychologick&yacute; v&yacute;voj d&#283;t&iacute;. V&#283;k uv&#283;dom&#283;n&iacute; si sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; p&#345;ita&#382;livosti se v&scaron;ak m&#367;&#382;e zna&#269;n&#283; li&scaron;it v d&#367;sledku r&#367;zn&yacute;ch dal&scaron;&iacute;ch faktor&#367; (individu&aacute;ln&iacute; osobnost, rodinn&eacute; prost&#345;ed&iacute; atd.).<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>8.2.2.&nbsp;<\/strong><b>Anatomie: p&#345;echodov&aacute; obdob&iacute;, p&#367;soben&iacute; hormon&#367; a dal&scaron;&iacute;<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologick&eacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> je tvo&#345;eno mnoha aspekty v lidsk&eacute;m t&#283;le. Prvn&iacute;m znakem, kter&yacute; lze identifikovat ji&#382; u lidsk&eacute;ho plodu, jsou chromozomy. Nejzn&aacute;m&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; pohlavn&iacute; chromozomy jsou XY (mu&#382;sk&eacute;) a XX (&#382;ensk&eacute;), existuj&iacute; ale i dal&scaron;&iacute; varianty (nap&#345;&iacute;klad X0 nebo XXY). V&scaron;echny tyto chromozomy lze identifikovat pomoc&iacute; genetick&eacute;ho vy&scaron;et&#345;en&iacute;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na za&#269;&aacute;tku t&#283;hotenstv&iacute; m&aacute; plod nediferencovan&eacute; gon&aacute;dy. V prvn&iacute;m trimestru proch&aacute;z&iacute; procesem zvan&yacute;m pohlavn&iacute; diferenciace, kter&yacute; je ovlivn&#283;n androgeny. Androgeny jsou kl&iacute;&#269;ov&eacute; hormony ur&#269;uj&iacute;c&iacute;, jak se budou vyv&iacute;jet pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny plodu (pokud je hladina androgen&#367; vysok&aacute;, bude m&iacute;t plod varlata). Tyto hormony ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; tak&eacute; v&yacute;voj mozku (Smith et al., 2003). Kdy&#382; se genit&aacute;lie vyvinou, za&#269;nou produkovat pohlavn&iacute; hormony, kter&eacute; d&aacute;le ovliv&#328;uj&iacute; v&yacute;voj t&#283;la. Hlavn&iacute;mi <\/span><b>pohlavn&iacute;mi hormony <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jsou estrogeny, progesterony a testosteron. A&#269;koliv jsou estrogeny a progesterony pova&#382;ov&aacute;ny sp&iacute;&scaron;e za &#382;ensk&eacute; hormony a testosteron za mu&#382;sk&yacute; hormon, jejich kombinace se vyskytuje ve v&scaron;ech t&#283;lech, ale v r&#367;zn&yacute;ch hladin&aacute;ch.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dal&scaron;&iacute;m obdob&iacute;m v&yacute;znamn&yacute;ch t&#283;lesn&yacute;ch zm&#283;n v d&#367;sledku vylu&#269;ov&aacute;n&iacute; hormon&#367; je <\/span><b>puberta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Pro lidi na &#382;ensk&eacute; stran&#283; spektra to znamen&aacute; r&#367;st prsou, n&aacute;r&#367;st procenta tuku v t&#283;le, zejm&eacute;na v oblasti bok&#367; a stehen, r&#367;st vulvy a nakonec menarch&eacute; (prvn&iacute; menstruaci).&nbsp; Pro lidi na mu&#382;sk&eacute; stran&#283; spektra to znamen&aacute; r&#367;st varlat a penisu, n&aacute;r&#367;st svalov&eacute; hmoty a viditelnou zm&#283;nu hrtanu a barvy hlasu. Dal&scaron;&iacute; zm&#283;ny, jako je viditeln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; ochlupen&iacute; t&#283;la, pubick&eacute; ochlupen&iacute;, r&#367;st kostry nebo v&yacute;skyt akn&eacute;, se vyskytuj&iacute; u lid&iacute; ve v&scaron;ech &#269;&aacute;stech pohlavn&iacute;ho spektra (Wheeler, 1991).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lid&eacute;, kte&#345;&iacute; jsou <\/span><b>transgender<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nebo nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, mohou cht&iacute;t proj&iacute;t tranzic&iacute;, co&#382; je proces zm&#283;ny jejich prezentace v&#367;&#269;i okol&iacute; a t&#283;la v souladu s jejich genderovou identitou. Tranzice m&aacute; n&#283;kolik &uacute;rovn&iacute; a ne v&scaron;ichni lid&eacute; cht&#283;j&iacute; a pot&#345;ebuj&iacute; proj&iacute;t v&scaron;emi z nich. T&#283;mito &uacute;rovn&#283;mi jsou (Dole&#382;alov&aacute; et al., 2021):<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Soci&aacute;ln&iacute; tranzice (&#382;ivot v roli, kter&aacute; je v souladu s jejich genderovou identitou).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&eacute;ka&#345;sk&aacute; tranzice (hormon&aacute;ln&iacute; terapie a p&#345;&iacute;padn&#283; operace).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&Uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; tranzice (zm&#283;na jm&eacute;na, &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute;ch dokument&#367;).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maskuliniza&#269;n&iacute; hormon&aacute;ln&iacute; terapie obvykle zahrnuje u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; testosteronu a vede k r&#367;stu v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute;ho ochlupen&iacute; na obli&#269;eji a na t&#283;le obecn&#283;, prohlouben&iacute; hlasu, zv&#283;t&scaron;en&iacute; klitorisu a zv&yacute;&scaron;en&iacute; pom&#283;ru svalov&eacute; hmoty. Feminiza&#269;n&iacute; hormon&aacute;ln&iacute; terapie obvykle zahrnuje estrogeny, progesteron a tak&eacute; blok&aacute;tory testosteronu. Tato terapie vede ke zv&#283;t&scaron;en&iacute; prsou, vyhlazen&iacute; k&#367;&#382;e a redistribuci t&#283;lesn&eacute;ho tuku a zm&#283;ny stavby p&aacute;nve.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hormon&aacute;ln&iacute; l&eacute;&#269;ba se m&#367;&#382;e li&scaron;it u d&#283;t&iacute; a mlad&yacute;ch lid&iacute;, proto&#382;e u nich je&scaron;t&#283; neprob&#283;hl proces puberty. Pro n&#283; m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t mo&#382;nost&iacute; bu&#271; v&yacute;&scaron;e zm&iacute;n&#283;n&aacute; hormon&aacute;ln&iacute; l&eacute;&#269;ba nebo blok&aacute;tory puberty (obvykle analog gonadotropin uvol&#328;uj&iacute;c&iacute;ho hormonu), kter&eacute; d&aacute;vaj&iacute; mlad&eacute;mu &#269;lov&#283;ku v&iacute;ce &#269;asu na rozmy&scaron;lenou, aby se mohl rozhodnout ohledn&#283; sv&eacute; identity (Rew et al., 2021).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vzhledem k v&yacute;zkumu biologick&eacute;ho <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> v posledn&iacute;m desetilet&iacute; m&#367;&#382;eme doj&iacute;t k z&aacute;v&#283;ru, &#382;e je p&#345;esn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; popisovat biologick&eacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> u lid&iacute; jako bimod&aacute;ln&iacute; ne&#382; striktn&#283; bin&aacute;rn&iacute;. Bimod&aacute;ln&iacute; znamen&aacute;, &#382;e v kontinuu biologick&eacute;ho <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> existuj&iacute; v podstat&#283; dv&#283; dimenze (dv&#283; maxima), kam se vejde v&#283;t&scaron;ina lid&iacute;, ale ka&#382;d&yacute; se nach&aacute;z&iacute; v jin&eacute; &#269;&aacute;sti spektra se sv&yacute;mi jedine&#269;n&yacute;mi hladinami hormon&#367; a kombinac&iacute; pohlavn&iacute;ch znak&#367;. Aby bylo <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> bin&aacute;rn&iacute;, musely by existovat dva odd&#283;len&eacute;, nep&#345;ekr&yacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; se a jednozna&#269;n&eacute; konce tohoto kontinua, kter&eacute; v&scaron;ak zjevn&#283; neexistuj&iacute;. Uprost&#345;ed se p&#345;ekr&yacute;vaj&iacute; &ndash; jsou tedy bimod&aacute;ln&iacute;, ne bin&aacute;rn&iacute; (Blackless et al., 2000) (viz obr&aacute;zek 4).<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10395 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_6-1024x690.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_6-1024x690.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_6-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_6-768x518.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_6-20x13.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_6-670x450.png 670w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_6.png 1273w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obr&aacute;zek 6. &ldquo;Pohlavn&iacute; spektrum&rdquo;, z<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">droj: Cade Hildreth (2023) <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cadehildreth.com\/gender-spectrum\/?fbclid=IwAR2O5F_RyhSeMt24t9GGSkP40pUirYfGpRtIPB4XF-VvxhAfV65ZFifFsCM\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cadehildreth.com\/gender-spectrum<\/span><\/a><\/h6><h4><strong>8.2.3.&nbsp;<\/strong><b>T&#283;lesn&eacute; ochlupen&iacute;<\/b><\/h4><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;T&#283;lesn&eacute; ochlupen&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Ozna&#269;uje viditeln&eacute; ochlupen&iacute; rostouc&iacute; na r&#367;zn&yacute;ch &#269;&aacute;stech t&#283;la, jako je obli&#269;ej, hrudn&iacute;k, nohy, pa&#382;e, podpa&#382;&iacute; nebo pubick&eacute; okol&iacute;, a vyv&iacute;j&iacute; se hlavn&#283; b&#283;hem puberty.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/telesne-ochlupeni\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">T&#283;lesn&eacute; ochlupen&iacute;<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ozna&#269;uje viditeln&eacute; ochlupen&iacute; rostouc&iacute; na r&#367;zn&yacute;ch &#269;&aacute;stech t&#283;la, jako je obli&#269;ej, hrudn&iacute;k, nohy, ruce, podpa&#382;&iacute; nebo pubick&eacute; okol&iacute;, a vznik&aacute; p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m b&#283;hem puberty. Dal&scaron;&iacute;m typem ochlupen&iacute; jsou chloupky vellus, kter&eacute; jsou jemn&eacute;, kr&aacute;tk&eacute; a t&eacute;m&#283;&#345; nejsou vid&#283;t a jsou p&#345;&iacute;tomny na v&#283;t&scaron;in&#283; t&#283;la ji&#382; od ran&eacute;ho d&#283;tstv&iacute;. Lid&eacute; se li&scaron;&iacute; v mno&#382;stv&iacute;, s&iacute;le a viditelnosti jejich ochlupen&iacute;, co&#382; je naprosto norm&aacute;ln&iacute;, proto&#382;e ochlupen&iacute; je ovlivn&#283;no mnoha faktory, v&#269;etn&#283; hladiny androgen&#367;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ochlupen&iacute; je naprosto p&#345;irozenou sou&#269;&aacute;st&iacute; lidsk&eacute;ho t&#283;la a m&aacute; ochrannou funkci. Nen&iacute; na n&#283;m nic nehygienick&eacute;ho (p&#345;i dodr&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; z&aacute;kladn&iacute;ch hygienick&yacute;ch n&aacute;vyk&#367;, jako je pravideln&eacute; myt&iacute;), jak se n&#283;kdy m&#367;&#382;e myln&#283; tvrdit. Odstra&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute; ochlupen&iacute; na t&#283;le je motivov&aacute;no p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m spole&#269;ensk&yacute;mi normami atraktivity a genderov&yacute;mi stereotypy, jak by m&#283;la vypadat &#382;enskost &#269;i mu&#382;nost. Pocity studu nebo znechucen&iacute; z ochlupen&iacute; jsou vyvol&aacute;ny spole&#269;ensk&yacute;mi normami, kter&eacute; nap&#345;&iacute;klad u &#382;en vytv&aacute;&#345;ej&iacute; pocit, &#382;e &#382;ensk&eacute; t&#283;lo je nep&#345;ijateln&eacute;, pokud nen&iacute; upraveno (Williamson, 2015). Na druhou stranu t&#283;lo mu&#382;e je pova&#382;ov&aacute;no za neobvykl&eacute; nebo je ozna&#269;ov&aacute;no jako &bdquo;gay&ldquo;, pokud se rozhodne odstranit sv&eacute; ochlupen&iacute;. O ochlupen&iacute; na t&#283;le by se m&#283;lo otev&#345;en&#283; diskutovat a m&#283;lo by b&yacute;t p&#345;ij&iacute;m&aacute;no jako norm&aacute;ln&iacute; sou&#269;&aacute;st na&scaron;eho t&#283;la, proto&#382;e jde o osobn&iacute; volbu, kter&aacute; se m&#367;&#382;e &#269;asem zm&#283;nit, ale kter&aacute; by m&#283;la z&#367;stat osobn&iacute; volbou. Nikdo by nem&#283;l b&yacute;t nucen nebo p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;ov&aacute;n, aby si odstra&#328;oval ochlupen&iacute; jen proto, aby zapadl.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>8.2.4.&nbsp;<\/strong><b>Body image<\/b><\/h4><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o soubor my&scaron;lenek a pocit&#367; &#269;lov&#283;ka v&#367;&#269;i vlastn&iacute;mu t&#283;lu a vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; sv&eacute; atraktivity a schopnost&iacute;, jako&#382; i vztah k sob&#283; sam&eacute;mu.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/vnimani-vlastniho-tela\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;la<\/a> neboli Body image<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> je soubor my&scaron;lenek a pocit&#367; &#269;lov&#283;ka v&#367;&#269;i vlastn&iacute;mu t&#283;lu a tomu, jak vn&iacute;m&aacute; jeho atraktivitu, schopnosti a jak&yacute; k n&#283;mu m&aacute; vztah. Body image m&#367;&#382;e ovlivnit to, jak lid&eacute; sv&eacute; t&#283;lo vid&iacute; (co&#382; n&#283;kdy neodpov&iacute;d&aacute; tomu, jak skute&#269;n&#283; vypad&aacute;) a jak se ve vztahu ke sv&eacute;mu t&#283;lu c&iacute;t&iacute; &ndash; co&#382; m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t r&#367;zn&eacute; (od nespokojenosti a&#382; po &scaron;t&#283;st&iacute;).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b>Nespokojenost s t&#283;lem<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> m&#367;&#382;e v&eacute;st k rizikov&eacute;mu chov&aacute;n&iacute;, nadm&#283;rn&eacute;mu dr&#382;en&iacute; diet a vyh&yacute;b&aacute;n&iacute; se fyzick&eacute; aktivit&#283; (Kop&#269;&aacute;kov&aacute; et al., 2014), tr&aacute;ven&iacute; spousty &#269;asu nad vzhledem a sebeobjektivizac&iacute;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obraz t&#283;la je ovlivn&#283;n spole&#269;ensk&yacute;mi normami, m&eacute;dii, nerealistick&yacute;mi kulturn&iacute;mi standardy kr&aacute;sy a chov&aacute;n&iacute;m d&#367;le&#382;it&yacute;ch rodinn&yacute;ch postav. Mlad&eacute; &#382;eny obvykle poci&#357;uj&iacute; tlak na to, aby byly huben&eacute; a p&#345;itom m&#283;ly k&#345;ivky, zat&iacute;mco mlad&iacute; mu&#382;i se dr&#382;&iacute; ide&aacute;lu mu&#382;e, kter&yacute; je svalnat&yacute; a vysok&yacute;. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;P&#345;&iacute;davn&eacute; jm&eacute;no pou&#382;&iacute;van&eacute; n&#283;kter&yacute;mi lidmi, jejich&#382; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace nen&iacute; v&yacute;hradn&#283; heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;. Tento zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n zahrnuje lidi, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, genderov&#283; fluidn&iacute; nebo genderov&#283; nekonformn&iacute; identitu. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Queer<\/a> lid&eacute; a lid&eacute; BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color &ndash; zkratka pro &#269;ernochy, domorod&eacute; osoby a lidi s odli&scaron;nou barvou pleti) mohou m&iacute;t tak&eacute; jedine&#269;n&eacute; a komplikovan&eacute; zku&scaron;enosti s t&#283;lesnou image, stejn&#283; i jako jin&iacute; lid&eacute;. Body image m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t tak&eacute; negativn&#283; ovlivn&#283;na nerealistick&yacute;mi standardy kr&aacute;sy na soci&aacute;ln&iacute;ch s&iacute;t&iacute;ch, kde se pou&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; filtry, m&#283;n&iacute; se proporce obli&#269;eje a\/nebo t&#283;la a obr&aacute;zky jsou obecn&#283; siln&#283; upravov&aacute;ny (Dakanalis et al., 2015). D&#283;tsk&eacute; vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; vlastn&iacute;ho t&#283;lesn&eacute;ho obrazu lze zlep&scaron;it pomoc&iacute; program&#367; zam&#283;&#345;en&yacute;ch na oce&#328;ov&aacute;n&iacute; t&#283;la a zt&#283;lesn&#283;n&iacute; (Guest et al., 2022).<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>8.2.5.&nbsp;<\/strong><b>M&yacute;ty o panensk&eacute; bl&aacute;n&#283;<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Panensk&aacute; bl&aacute;na je tenk&aacute; sliznice, kter&aacute; &#269;&aacute;ste&#269;n&#283; uzav&iacute;r&aacute; po&scaron;evn&iacute; vchod. Skl&aacute;d&aacute; se z kolagenn&iacute; elastick&eacute; tk&aacute;n&#283; a jej&iacute; elasticita roste b&#283;hem puberty. Panensk&aacute; bl&aacute;na <\/span><b>nen&iacute; jednotn&aacute; celoplo&scaron;n&aacute; membr&aacute;na<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> odd&#283;luj&iacute;c&iacute; pochvu od sv&#283;ta, ve skute&#269;nosti pokr&yacute;v&aacute; pouze &#269;&aacute;st po&scaron;evn&iacute;ho vchodu a jej&iacute; tvar a velikost se u r&#367;zn&yacute;ch lid&iacute; zna&#269;n&#283; li&scaron;&iacute;. V mnoha kultur&aacute;ch p&#345;evl&aacute;d&aacute; m&yacute;tus, &#382;e panenstv&iacute; je spojeno s neporu&scaron;enou panenskou bl&aacute;nou, a je symbolem &#382;ensk&eacute; cudnosti a hrdosti (Hegazy &amp; Al-Rukban, 2012). P&#345;edpokl&aacute;d&aacute; se, &#382;e panensk&aacute; bl&aacute;na &bdquo;praskne&ldquo;, kdy&#382; m&aacute; &#269;lov&#283;k poprv&eacute; penetra&#269;n&iacute; sex, a &#382;e tento akt vede ke krv&aacute;cen&iacute;. Nejen&#382;e se jedn&aacute; o soci&aacute;ln&iacute; konstrukt, kter&yacute; m&aacute; mlad&yacute;m d&iacute;vk&aacute;m a &#382;en&aacute;m vnutit p&#345;edstavu &#269;istoty, ale je to tak&eacute; nepravdiv&eacute;, proto&#382;e panensk&aacute; bl&aacute;na se m&#367;&#382;e bu&#271; rozt&aacute;hnout (zejm&eacute;na pokud je pochva lubrikovan&aacute;), nebo m&#367;&#382;e doj&iacute;t k jej&iacute;mu protr&#382;en&iacute; z jin&yacute;ch d&#367;vod&#367; (nap&#345;. p&#345;i sportu, pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;m tampon&#367; atd.). <\/span><b>Panensk&aacute; bl&aacute;na nen&iacute; ukazatelem panenstv&iacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a nem&aacute; &#382;&aacute;dn&yacute; biologick&yacute; &uacute;&#269;el (Cook &amp; Dickens, 2009). <\/span><b>V &#382;&aacute;dn&eacute;m p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283; neur&#269;uje hodnotu osoby ani nen&iacute; ukazatelem jej&iacute;ho sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho chov&aacute;n&iacute;.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M&yacute;ty o panensk&eacute; bl&aacute;n&#283; jsou zalo&#382;eny na myln&yacute;ch p&#345;edstav&aacute;ch, dezinformac&iacute;ch o panenstv&iacute; a mohou b&yacute;t velmi &scaron;kodliv&eacute; pro du&scaron;evn&iacute; a fyzick&eacute; zdrav&iacute; mlad&yacute;ch d&iacute;vek a &#382;en. Kv&#367;li studu a stigmatu spojen&eacute;mu s neporu&scaron;enou panenskou bl&aacute;nou mohou lid&eacute; vyhled&aacute;vat operace na jej&iacute; rekonstrukci, kter&eacute; jsou velmi kontroverzn&iacute;m z&aacute;krokem. Zahrnuje se&scaron;it&iacute; &#269;&aacute;st&iacute; panensk&eacute; bl&aacute;ny, aby se zajistilo, &#382;e osoba bude p&#345;i p&#345;&iacute;&scaron;t&iacute;m pohlavn&iacute;m styku krv&aacute;cet. Mohli bychom se zamyslet nad t&iacute;m, zda je to v&#367;bec prosp&#283;&scaron;n&eacute; a &#382;e to nen&iacute; nejlep&scaron;&iacute; zp&#367;sob, jak &#345;e&scaron;it zdroj probl&eacute;mu (Saharso, 2022).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Za&#382;it&eacute; kulturn&iacute; normy mohou v&eacute;st lidi k tomu, aby vyhledali rekonstrukci panensk&eacute; bl&aacute;ny.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>8.2.6.&nbsp;<\/strong><b>Klitoris (funkce a historie)<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Klitoris je d&#367;le&#382;it&aacute; a nejcitliv&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; erotogenn&iacute; &#269;&aacute;st vulvy (viz obr&aacute;zek 7 pro identifikaci r&#367;zn&yacute;ch typ&#367; vulvy), kter&aacute; je &#269;&aacute;ste&#269;n&#283; viditeln&aacute; sv&yacute;m &#382;aludem nad po&scaron;evn&iacute;m kan&aacute;lem na spojnici vnit&#345;n&iacute;ch stydk&yacute;ch pysk&#367;, p&#345;i&#269;em&#382; v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; &#269;&aacute;st klitorisu je pro oko skryta. Skl&aacute;d&aacute; se z nervov&#283; vysoce z&aacute;soben&eacute; tk&aacute;n&#283; podobn&eacute; t&eacute;, kter&aacute; tvo&#345;&iacute; penis. Je spojena se sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m pot&#283;&scaron;en&iacute;m a v&#283;t&scaron;ina lid&iacute; s vulvou m&#367;&#382;e dos&aacute;hnout orgasmu prost&#345;ednictv&iacute;m stimulace klitorisu.<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"976\" height=\"605\" class=\"wp-image-6603\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-2.png 976w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-2-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-2-768x476.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-2-20x12.png 20w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 976px) 100vw, 976px\"\/><\/p><h6>Obr&aacute;zek 6. Typy vulv, <em>zdroj: attachment of the lesson &ldquo;Sexuality Myths and Sex Lessons for Education on Respectful Relationships&rdquo; (originally in Czech: &ldquo;M&yacute;ty o pohlavn&iacute;ch org&aacute;nech a sexu Lekce sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nauky pro vzd&#283;l&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; o respektuj&iacute;c&iacute;ch vztaz&iacute;ch&rdquo;. Dagmar Kri&scaron;ov&aacute;, Johana Nejedlov&aacute;, Konsent, z.s., 2021)<\/em><\/h6><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Velk&aacute; &#269;&aacute;st v&#283;deck&eacute; obce, u&#269;ebnic, u&#269;itel&#367; a rodi&#269;&#367; v minulosti i dnes o anatomii klitorisu a jeho funkci ml&#269;&iacute; (Ogletree &amp; Ginsburg, 2000). Klitoris byl pln&#283; prozkoum&aacute;n a&#382; v roce 1998 (O&rsquo;Connell et al., 1998), p&#345;edt&iacute;m si ho v&#283;dci spojovali se studem nebo se o n&#283;j nezaj&iacute;mali, proto&#382;e se domn&iacute;vali, &#382;e nem&aacute; reproduk&#269;n&iacute; funkci. Ve skute&#269;nosti vzru&scaron;en&iacute; klitorisu zp&#367;sobuje lubrikaci pochvy a tak&eacute; vyvol&aacute;v&aacute; stahy v d&#283;loze, kter&eacute; mohou napom&aacute;hat pohybu spermi&iacute; vp&#345;ed, co&#382; zvy&scaron;uje &scaron;anci na ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;. Popsanou anatomii si m&#367;&#382;ete prohl&eacute;dnout na obr&aacute;zku 5.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>&Scaron;pi&#269;ka klitorisu <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">je nejv&iacute;ce inervovan&aacute; &#269;&aacute;st klitorisu, pln&aacute; voln&yacute;ch nervov&yacute;ch zakon&#269;en&iacute;. Je to jedin&aacute; okem viditeln&aacute; strana klitorisu, kterou lze snadno a p&#345;&iacute;mo stimulovat pro dosa&#382;en&iacute; rozko&scaron;e, tvo&#345;&iacute; pouze &#8533; celkov&eacute; velikosti klitorisu.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Topo&#345;iv&eacute; t&#283;leso <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">je tvo&#345;eno erektiln&iacute; tk&aacute;n&iacute; a navazuje na ramena p&aacute;nve na ka&#382;d&eacute; stran&#283; vulvy, je pokryto svalem, tak&#382;e je skryt&eacute;, m&#367;&#382;e dosahovat d&eacute;lky sedm centimetr&#367; i v&iacute;ce.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Klitorid&aacute;ln&iacute; nohy <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jsou<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dv&#283; no&#382;i&#269;ky, kter&eacute; vystupuj&iacute; z t&#283;la klitorisu. Jsou tak&eacute; nejdel&scaron;&iacute; &#269;&aacute;st&iacute; klitorisu.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>&Uacute;st&iacute; mo&#269;ov&eacute; trubice&nbsp;<\/b><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Po&scaron;evn&iacute; vchod: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pochva vych&aacute;z&iacute; z d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute;ho hrdla, co&#382; je kus tk&aacute;n&#283; podobn&yacute; kr&#269;ku, kter&yacute; spojuje pochvu s d&#283;lohou. Pochva kon&#269;&iacute; jako otvor mimo t&#283;lo, kter&yacute; se naz&yacute;v&aacute; po&scaron;evn&iacute; vchod. Po&scaron;evn&iacute; otvor se nach&aacute;z&iacute; mezi &uacute;st&iacute;m mo&#269;ov&eacute; trubice a kone&#269;n&iacute;kem.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bulbus vestibuli <\/b><span>jsou dv&#283; cibulky erektiln&iacute; tk&aacute;n&#283;, kter&eacute; za&#269;&iacute;naj&iacute; v bl&iacute;zkosti spodn&iacute; strany t&#283;la klitorisu. Vestibul&aacute;rn&iacute; cibulky se pak roz&scaron;i&#345;uj&iacute; sm&#283;rem k mo&#269;ov&eacute; trubici a pochv&#283;.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10400 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_7-993x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"993\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_7-993x1024.png 993w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_7-291x300.png 291w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_7-768x792.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_7-20x20.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_7-16x16.png 16w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_7-18x18.png 18w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/05\/Fig_7.png 1262w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 993px) 100vw, 993px\"\/><\/p><h6>Obr&aacute;zek 8. Diagram klitorisu, zdroj: Wikipedia (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sch%C3%A9ma_strucurel_l%C3%A9gend%C3%A9_du_clitoris.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sch%C3%A9ma_strucurel_l%C3%A9gend%C3%A9_du_clitoris.svg<\/a><\/h6><h4><strong>8.2.7.&nbsp;<\/strong><b>Penis (funkce)<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Penis je zevn&iacute; org&aacute;n se slo&#382;itou anatomi&iacute; a kombinovanou funkc&iacute; (viz obr&aacute;zek 9, kde jsou uvedeny r&#367;zn&eacute; typy penisu). Slou&#382;&iacute; k mo&#269;en&iacute;, sexu a reproduk&#269;n&iacute;mu chov&aacute;n&iacute;. Anatomie penisu zahrnuje hlavi&#269;ku (&#382;alud), t&#283;lo penisu a p&#345;edko&#382;ku. T&#283;lo penisu je tvo&#345;eno erektiln&iacute; tk&aacute;n&iacute; a tak&eacute; mo&#269;ovou trubic&iacute;, kter&aacute; odv&aacute;d&iacute; mo&#269; z t&#283;la ven. Ka&#382;d&yacute; penis vypad&aacute; trochu jinak, zejm&eacute;na kdy&#382; je ztopo&#345;en&yacute; v d&#367;sledku vzru&scaron;en&iacute; &ndash; n&#283;kter&eacute; mohou b&yacute;t nap&#345;&iacute;klad zahnut&eacute; jako ban&aacute;n, zat&iacute;mco jin&eacute; rovn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;, sm&#283;&#345;uj&iacute;c&iacute; dol&#367; nebo nahoru.<\/span><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1029\" height=\"598\" class=\"wp-image-6613\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-4.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-4.png 1029w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-4-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-4-1024x595.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-4-768x446.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/word-image-6367-4-20x12.png 20w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1029px) 100vw, 1029px\"\/><\/p><h6>Obr&aacute;zek 9. Typy penis&#367;, Zdroj<em>: &ldquo;M&yacute;ty o pohlavn&iacute;ch org&aacute;nech a sexu Lekce sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nauky pro vzd&#283;l&aacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; o respektuj&iacute;c&iacute;ch vztaz&iacute;ch&rdquo;. Dagmar Kri&scaron;ov&aacute;, Johana Nejedlov&aacute;, Konsent, z.s., 2021)<\/em><\/h6><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>&Scaron;pi&#269;ka penisu neboli &#382;alud<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#381;alud se tak&eacute; naz&yacute;v&aacute; hlavi&#269;ka nebo &scaron;pi&#269;ka penisu. Obsahuje &uacute;st&iacute; mo&#269;ov&eacute; trubice &ndash; odtud t&#283;la s penisem mo&#269;&iacute; a tak&eacute; z n&#283;j vych&aacute;zej&iacute; dal&scaron;&iacute; tekutiny, jako je preejakul&aacute;t a sperma. Pro mnoho lid&iacute; je to nejcitliv&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; &#269;&aacute;st penisu.<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>T&#283;lo penisu<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T&#283;lo penisu se t&aacute;hne od &scaron;pi&#269;ky a&#382; k m&iacute;stu, kde jej spojuje s podb&#345;i&scaron;kem. Vypad&aacute; jako trubice a uvnit&#345; obsahuje mo&#269;ovou trubici.<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>P&#345;edko&#382;ka<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;edko&#382;ka je &#269;&aacute;st k&#367;&#382;e, kter&aacute; pokr&yacute;v&aacute; a chr&aacute;n&iacute; &#382;alud. Kdy&#382; se penis ztopo&#345;&iacute; nebo ztvrdne v d&#367;sledku vzru&scaron;en&iacute;, p&#345;edko&#382;ka se obvykle st&aacute;hne a &scaron;pi&#269;ka je odhalena. N&#283;kdy je p&#345;edko&#382;ka ob&#345;ez&aacute;na (kdy&#382; l&eacute;ka&#345; chirurgicky odstran&iacute; p&#345;edko&#382;ku) brzy po narozen&iacute;, tak&#382;e ne ka&#382;d&yacute; ji m&aacute;. Ob&#345;&iacute;zka n&#283;kdy vych&aacute;z&iacute; z kulturn&iacute;ch a n&aacute;bo&#382;ensk&yacute;ch tradic, ale n&#283;kdy m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t nezbytn&aacute;, aby umo&#382;nila fungov&aacute;n&iacute; penisu p&#345;i erekci. N&#283;kdy, kdy&#382; lid&eacute; dosp&#283;j&iacute;, m&#367;&#382;e jejich p&#345;edko&#382;ka z&#367;stat p&#345;&iacute;li&scaron; t&#283;sn&aacute; na to, aby mohl b&yacute;t &#382;alud norm&aacute;ln&#283; odkryt&yacute;, co&#382; m&#367;&#382;e zp&#367;sobit probl&eacute;my s hygienou (myt&iacute;m &#382;aludu) nebo znemo&#382;nit norm&aacute;ln&iacute; funkci p&#345;i ztopo&#345;en&iacute; penisu b&#283;hem sexu &ndash; ob&#345;&iacute;zka nebo &#269;&aacute;ste&#269;n&aacute; ob&#345;&iacute;zka jsou snadn&yacute;mi chirurgick&yacute;mi n&aacute;pravami t&#283;chto probl&eacute;m&#367;. <\/span><b>&nbsp;<\/b><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Uzdi&#269;ka<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uzdi&#269;ka je m&iacute;sto, kde je p&#345;edko&#382;ka spojena se spodn&iacute; stranou penisu. Obvykle m&aacute; tvar p&iacute;smene V a za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; t&#283;sn&#283; pod hlavi&#269;kou. Obvykle jej&iacute; &#269;&aacute;st po ob&#345;&iacute;zce z&#367;st&aacute;v&aacute; a pro mnoho lid&iacute; je to velmi citliv&eacute; m&iacute;sto.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>8.2.8.&nbsp;<\/strong><b>Masturbace<\/b><\/h4><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masturbace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o manipulaci s vlastn&iacute;mi pohlavn&iacute;mi org&aacute;ny, obvykle penisem nebo klitorisem, za &uacute;&#269;elem sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho uspokojen&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/masturbace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Masturbace<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">je &bdquo;manipulace s vlastn&iacute;mi pohlavn&iacute;mi org&aacute;ny, obvykle penisem nebo klitorisem za &uacute;&#269;elem sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho uspokojen&iacute;. Tento akt je obvykle doprov&aacute;zen sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;mi fantaziemi nebo erotickou literaturou, obr&aacute;zky &#269;i videy. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masturbace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o manipulaci s vlastn&iacute;mi pohlavn&iacute;mi org&aacute;ny, obvykle penisem nebo klitorisem, za &uacute;&#269;elem sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho uspokojen&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/masturbace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Masturbace<\/a> m&#367;&#382;e zahrnovat tak&eacute; pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; mechanick&yacute;ch pom&#367;cek (nap&#345;. vibr&aacute;toru) nebo samostimulaci jin&yacute;ch org&aacute;n&#367;, jako je an&aacute;ln&iacute; otvor nebo bradavky&ldquo; (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;APA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Americk&aacute; psychologick&aacute; asociace&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/apa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>APA<\/a>, n.d.).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dodnes existuje mnoho m&yacute;t&#367; o masturbaci, kter&eacute; nemaj&iacute; v&#283;deck&yacute; z&aacute;klad, nap&#345;. m&yacute;tus o tom, &#382;e je <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Masturbace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o manipulaci s vlastn&iacute;mi pohlavn&iacute;mi org&aacute;ny, obvykle penisem nebo klitorisem, za &uacute;&#269;elem sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho uspokojen&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/masturbace\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">masturbace<\/a> &scaron;kodliv&aacute;, sni&#382;uje citlivost pohlavn&iacute;ch org&aacute;n&#367; nebo zp&#367;sobuje neplodnost. V rozporu s t&iacute;m Rullo et al. (2018) dokl&aacute;daj&iacute;, &#382;e vibra&#269;n&iacute; stimulace m&#367;&#382;e pomoci p&#345;i l&eacute;&#269;b&#283; erektiln&iacute; dysfunkce, ejakula&#269;n&iacute; dysfunkce a anorgasmie.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obecn&#283; je <\/span><b>masturbace<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, pokud nen&iacute; prov&aacute;d&#283;na na ve&#345;ejnosti nebo v nadm&#283;rn&eacute;m mno&#382;stv&iacute;, <\/span><b>naprosto norm&aacute;ln&iacute; a zdrav&aacute; &#269;innost p&#345;in&aacute;&scaron;ej&iacute;c&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;jemn&eacute; pocity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a to jak dosp&iacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute;m, tak dosp&#283;l&yacute;m (Leung &amp; Robson, 1993). Masturbace by nem&#283;la b&yacute;t vn&iacute;m&aacute;na jako n&aacute;hrada za chyb&#283;j&iacute;c&iacute;ho sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho partnera, ale sp&iacute;&scaron;e jako nez&aacute;visl&yacute; zp&#367;sob z&iacute;sk&aacute;n&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho pot&#283;&scaron;en&iacute;, proto&#382;e m&#367;&#382;e tak&eacute; zlep&scaron;it dosahov&aacute;n&iacute; orgasmu (Kontula &amp; Haavio-Mannila,2003). &#268;&iacute;m v&iacute;ce v&iacute;te o sv&eacute;m t&#283;le, o tom, co se v&aacute;m l&iacute;b&iacute; a co ne, t&iacute;m l&eacute;pe m&#367;&#382;ete sv&#367;j partnersk&yacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; vztah postavit tak, aby v&aacute;m p&#345;in&aacute;&scaron;el v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; pot&#283;&scaron;en&iacute;. Je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; o masturbaci mluvit a vyvracet m&yacute;ty, kter&eacute; kolem n&iacute; panuj&iacute;, co&#382; m&#367;&#382;e v&eacute;st k pozitivn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;mu postoji k masturbaci (Lo Presto et al., 1985). Existuje v&iacute;ce zp&#367;sob&#367;, jak&yacute;mi lze masturbaci prov&aacute;d&#283;t (Pla, 2020), a to s vyu&#382;it&iacute;m p&#345;edm&#283;t&#367;, sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch hra&#269;ek, samostatn&eacute;ho nebo partnersk&eacute;ho sexu atd.<\/span><\/strong><\/h4><h4><strong>8.2.9.&nbsp;<\/strong><b>Menstrua&#269;n&iacute; cyklus<\/b><\/h4><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Menstrua&#269;n&iacute; cyklus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o hormony &#345;&iacute;zen&yacute; cyklus, kter&yacute; m&#367;&#382;e v z&aacute;vislosti na organizmu trvat 21 a&#382; 35 dn&iacute; a je spojen s funkc&iacute; d&#283;lohy a vaje&#269;n&iacute;k&#367;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/menstruacni-cyklus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Menstrua&#269;n&iacute; cyklus<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> je hormon&aacute;ln&#283; &#345;&iacute;zen&yacute; cyklus, kter&yacute; m&#367;&#382;e v z&aacute;vislosti na dal&scaron;&iacute;ch t&#283;lesn&yacute;ch procesech trvat 21 a&#382; 35 dn&iacute; a je spojen s funkc&iacute; d&#283;lohy a vaje&#269;n&iacute;k&#367;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nejprve p&#345;ich&aacute;z&iacute; <\/span><b>folikul&aacute;rn&iacute; f&aacute;ze<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &ndash; je &#345;&iacute;zena hormony uvol&#328;uj&iacute;c&iacute;mi gonadotropiny a b&#283;hem t&eacute;to f&aacute;ze dozr&aacute;vaj&iacute; folikuly ve vaje&#269;n&iacute;ku.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Druhou f&aacute;z&iacute; je <\/span><b>ovulace<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &ndash; doch&aacute;z&iacute; k vzestupu hormonu estrogenu, kter&yacute; zp&#367;sob&iacute;, &#382;e vaje&#269;n&iacute;k uvoln&iacute; vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. V t&eacute;to f&aacute;zi se za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; zesilovat sliznice d&#283;lohy.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jako t&#345;et&iacute; p&#345;ich&aacute;z&iacute; <\/span><b>lute&aacute;ln&iacute; f&aacute;ze<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kdy jsou vysok&eacute; hladiny hormon&#367; progesteronu a estrogenu, b&#283;hem t&eacute;to doby se sliznice d&#283;lohy norm&aacute;ln&#283; zahu&scaron;&#357;uje, aby se p&#345;ipravila na p&#345;&iacute;padn&eacute; t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;. Pokud k ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute; nedojde, vaj&iacute;&#269;ko se znovu vst&#345;eb&aacute; do t&#283;la. Hladiny estrogenu a progesteronu klesaj&iacute; a d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; sliznice odch&aacute;z&iacute; a opou&scaron;t&iacute; t&#283;lo jako <\/span><b>menstrua&#269;n&iacute; krev<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. D&eacute;lka menstrua&#269;n&iacute;ho krv&aacute;cen&iacute; je u ka&#382;d&eacute; osoby jin&aacute;, ale obvykle trv&aacute; n&#283;kde mezi dv&#283;ma a&#382; sedmi dny.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jeden nebo dva t&yacute;dny p&#345;ed menstrua&#269;n&iacute;m proudem se m&#367;&#382;e objevit <\/span><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PMS&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Premenstrua&#269;n&iacute; syndrom&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pms\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>PMS<\/a> = premenstrua&#269;n&iacute; syndrom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Ka&#382;d&yacute; &#269;lov&#283;k ho pro&#382;&iacute;v&aacute; jinak, ale b&#283;&#382;n&yacute;mi p&#345;&iacute;znaky jsou zm&#283;ny n&aacute;lad, nad&yacute;m&aacute;n&iacute;, akn&eacute; a &uacute;nava. B&#283;hem menstrua&#269;n&iacute;ho krv&aacute;cen&iacute; mnoho lid&iacute; poci&#357;uje bolestiv&eacute; svalov&eacute; k&#345;e&#269;e v b&#345;i&scaron;e. Pokud je bolest p&#345;&iacute;li&scaron; velk&aacute; a v&aacute;&#382;n&#283; ovliv&#328;uje va&scaron;i schopnost fungovat, v&#382;dy ji konzultujte s l&eacute;ka&#345;em.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;esto&#382;e je menstruace p&#345;irozenou t&#283;lesnou funkc&iacute; a v&#382;dy byla, b&yacute;v&aacute; stigmatizov&aacute;na a nemluv&iacute; se o n&iacute;, co&#382; vede k &scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&iacute; m&yacute;t&#367; a nepravd. Lid&eacute; v&scaron;ech <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pohlav&iacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;v &#269;esk&eacute;m kontextu se pohlav&iacute;m mysl&iacute; a) biologick&eacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy to, jak&eacute; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny, chromozomy nebo slo&#382;en&iacute; hormon&#367; m&aacute;me; b) &uacute;&#345;edn&iacute; pohlav&iacute;, tedy &uacute;daj na rodn&eacute;m listu a jin&yacute;ch dokladech nebo c) p&#345;enesen&#283; pohlavn&iacute; org&aacute;ny.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pohlavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pohlav&iacute;<\/a> by m&#283;li m&iacute;t z&aacute;kladn&iacute; znalosti t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute; se menstruace (viz obr&aacute;zek 10). Poskytov&aacute;n&iacute; informac&iacute; bez vytv&aacute;&#345;en&iacute; pocitu studu je nesm&iacute;rn&#283; d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute;, proto&#382;e mlad&iacute; lid&eacute; by se m&#283;li nau&#269;it, jak pe&#269;ovat o sv&eacute; t&#283;lo p&#345;ed menstruac&iacute;, b&#283;hem n&iacute; i po n&iacute;. V r&aacute;mci tohoto rozhovoru by se m&#283;la prob&iacute;rat a diskutovat t&eacute;mata, jako je du&scaron;evn&iacute; a fyzick&eacute; zdrav&iacute;, rozmanitost a pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; r&#367;zn&yacute;ch menstrua&#269;n&iacute;ch pom&#367;cek a tak&eacute; m&yacute;ty o menstruaci.<\/span><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"419\" class=\"wp-image-6618\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/filemenstrual-cycle-phases-webp.png\" alt=\"File:Menstrual-cycle-phases.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/filemenstrual-cycle-phases-webp.png 800w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/filemenstrual-cycle-phases-webp-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/filemenstrual-cycle-phases-webp-768x402.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/filemenstrual-cycle-phases-webp-20x10.png 20w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"\/><\/p><h6>Obr&aacute;zek 10. Menstrua&#269;n&iacute; cyklus<\/h6><h4><strong>8.2.10.<\/strong><\/h4><p><b>Necht&#283;n&eacute; t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;: interrupce a antikoncepce<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poka&#382;d&eacute;, kdy&#382; penis pronikne do pochvy, existuje mo&#382;nost po&#269;et&iacute;. Existuj&iacute; r&#367;zn&eacute; mo&#382;nosti antikoncepce &ndash; nej&#269;ast&#283;ji se pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute; kondom nebo hormon&aacute;ln&iacute; pilulky (viz r&#367;zn&eacute; druhy antikoncepce n&iacute;&#382;e). Pokud v&scaron;ak dojde k necht&#283;n&eacute;mu t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;, existuj&iacute; dal&scaron;&iacute; mo&#382;nosti, jak takovou situaci &#345;e&scaron;it. Jednou z nich je nouzov&aacute; antikoncepce zn&aacute;m&aacute; tak&eacute; jako &bdquo;pilulka po&ldquo;. Byla vytvo&#345;ena pro osoby s d&#283;lohou a m&#283;la by se u&#382;&iacute;vat po nechr&aacute;n&#283;n&eacute;m pohlavn&iacute;m styku. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V z&aacute;vislosti na druhu pilulky ji lze u&#382;&iacute;vat a&#382; p&#283;t dn&iacute; po nechr&aacute;n&#283;n&eacute;m pohlavn&iacute;m styku<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a m&#367;&#382;e ve va&scaron;em t&#283;le vyvolat r&#367;zn&eacute; fyzick&eacute; reakce. Funguje p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m tak, &#382;e zabra&#328;uje ovulaci nebo oplodn&#283;n&iacute;. Nelze ji v&scaron;ak pou&#382;&iacute;vat pravideln&#283; jako druh antikoncepce. Vzhledem k obsa&#382;en&yacute;m l&aacute;tk&aacute;m a s&iacute;le, kterou m&aacute; na t&#283;lo, je vhodn&eacute; m&iacute;t mezi u&#382;it&iacute;m dal&scaron;&iacute; &bdquo;pilulky po&ldquo; alespo&#328; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&scaron;estim&#283;s&iacute;&#269;n&iacute; odstup<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Nutn&aacute; d&eacute;lka rozestupu bude z&aacute;viset tak&eacute; na pilulce a na konkr&eacute;tn&iacute;m t&#283;le jedince, proto je nejlep&scaron;&iacute; poradit se s l&eacute;k&aacute;rn&iacute;kem nebo l&eacute;ka&#345;kou a celou situaci vysv&#283;tlit. Vynech&aacute;n&iacute; podrobnost&iacute; ze studu m&#367;&#382;e zp&#367;sobit nespr&aacute;vnou l&eacute;&#269;bu nebo negativn&iacute; &uacute;&#269;inky na va&scaron;e t&#283;lo.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283; pozd&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ho zji&scaron;t&#283;n&iacute; lze necht&#283;n&eacute; t&#283;hotenstv&iacute; ukon&#269;it interrupc&iacute;, kter&aacute; m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t v ka&#382;d&eacute; zemi provedena za jin&yacute;ch podm&iacute;nek (okolnosti po&#269;et&iacute;, v&#283;k t&#283;hotn&eacute; osoby, t&yacute;den t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;, cena z&aacute;kroku, forma z&aacute;kroku). V z&aacute;vislosti na f&aacute;zi t&#283;hotenstv&iacute; lze interrupci prov&eacute;st pomoc&iacute; l&eacute;k&#367; nebo chirurgick&yacute;m z&aacute;krokem. Obvykle ji lze prov&eacute;st do t&#345;et&iacute;ho m&#283;s&iacute;ce t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;. N&#283;kter&eacute; zem&#283; v&scaron;ak ze spole&#269;ensk&yacute;ch, kulturn&iacute;ch nebo n&aacute;bo&#382;ensk&yacute;ch d&#367;vod&#367; neposkytuj&iacute; &#382;&aacute;dn&eacute; poradenstv&iacute; ani podporu souvisej&iacute;c&iacute; s nouzovou antikoncepc&iacute; nebo p&#345;eru&scaron;en&iacute;m t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;. Jin&eacute; zem&#283; n&#283;kter&eacute; z t&#283;chto mo&#382;nost&iacute; nab&iacute;zej&iacute;, ale p&#345;&iacute;sn&#283; je reguluj&iacute; (nap&#345;. k tomu, abyste si mohli zaj&iacute;t do l&eacute;k&aacute;rny a koupit nouzovou antikoncepci, pot&#345;ebujete l&eacute;ka&#345;sk&yacute; p&#345;edpis) nebo zcela zakazuj&iacute; interrupci a neprov&aacute;d&#283;j&iacute; &#382;&aacute;dn&yacute; z&aacute;krok s n&iacute; spojen&yacute;. V&iacute;ce informac&iacute; o nouzov&eacute; antikoncepci a o z&aacute;konech a politice v oblasti interrupc&iacute; naleznete v kapitole <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evropsk&eacute; z&aacute;kony, sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zdrav&iacute; a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Reproduk&#269;n&iacute; pr&aacute;va&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jsou to pr&aacute;va na kontrolu nad vlastn&iacute;m t&#283;lem a rozhodov&aacute;n&iacute; o antikoncepci a interrupci.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/reprodukcni-prava\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">reproduk&#269;n&iacute; pr&aacute;va<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zji&scaron;t&#283;n&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;padn&eacute;ho t&#283;hotenstv&iacute; lze prov&eacute;st pomoc&iacute; <\/span><b>t&#283;hotensk&eacute;ho testu<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &ndash; v&#283;t&scaron;ina z nich je spolehliv&aacute; dva t&yacute;dny po pohlavn&iacute;m styku, ale v&#382;dy je t&#345;eba p&#345;e&#269;&iacute;st si p&#345;&iacute;balov&yacute; let&aacute;k testu. N&#283;kdy v&scaron;ak mohou b&yacute;t testy fale&scaron;n&#283; negativn&iacute; nebo fale&scaron;n&#283; pozitivn&iacute;, proto je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; se v&#382;dy poradit s l&eacute;ka&#345;em.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metodou, kter&aacute; nen&iacute; spolehlivou prevenc&iacute; necht&#283;n&eacute;ho t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;, je metoda &bdquo;p&#345;eru&scaron;ovan&eacute; soulo&#382;e&ldquo;, kdy se penis vynd&aacute; z pochvy t&#283;sn&#283; p&#345;ed ejakulac&iacute;. Tato technika nefunguje, proto&#382;e je&scaron;t&#283; p&#345;ed samotnou ejakulac&iacute; z penisu vyt&eacute;k&aacute; p&#345;edejakula&#269;n&iacute; tekutina, kter&aacute; m&#367;&#382;e obsahovat spermie a m&#367;&#382;e zp&#367;sobit t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;.<\/span><\/p><h4><strong>8.2.11.<\/strong><\/h4><p><b>Typy antikoncep&#269;n&iacute;ch metod pro prevenci necht&#283;n&eacute;ho t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (NHS, 2021):<\/span><\/p><p><b>Hormon&aacute;ln&iacute; antikoncepce &ndash; pilulky:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Jedn&aacute; se o pilulky obsahuj&iacute;c&iacute; hormony, v&#283;t&scaron;inou kombinaci estrogenu a progesteronu, a mohou je u&#382;&iacute;vat osoby s d&#283;lohou, proto&#382;e zabra&#328;uj&iacute; uvoln&#283;n&iacute; vaj&iacute;&#269;ka. Obvykle se p&#345;edepisuje u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; 1 pilulky denn&#283; (ka&#382;d&yacute; den p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; ve stejnou hodinu) po dobu 21 dn&iacute; v m&#283;s&iacute;ci. V n&aacute;sleduj&iacute;c&iacute;ch 7 dnech, kdy se &#382;&aacute;dn&aacute; pilulka neu&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;, by se m&#283;lo objevit krv&aacute;cen&iacute;. Po t&#283;chto 7 dnech za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; dal&scaron;&iacute;ch 21 dn&iacute; ka&#382;dodenn&iacute;ho u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; tablet. Pilulka m&#367;&#382;e m&iacute;t mnoho ne&#382;&aacute;douc&iacute;ch &uacute;&#269;ink&#367; a tak&eacute; se m&#367;&#382;e vz&aacute;jemn&#283; ovliv&#328;ovat s jin&yacute;mi l&eacute;ky, proto by m&#283;la b&yacute;t &#345;&aacute;dn&#283; konzultov&aacute;na s gynekologem a praktick&yacute;m l&eacute;ka&#345;em. Ne&#382;&aacute;douc&iacute; &uacute;&#269;inky mohou b&yacute;t r&#367;zn&eacute;, ale nej&#269;ast&#283;ji se vyskytuje zv&yacute;&scaron;en&eacute; riziko vzniku &#382;iln&iacute; tromb&oacute;zy, akn&eacute;, bolesti hlavy, d&aacute;le se objevuje nad&yacute;m&aacute;n&iacute;, &uacute;nava a zm&#283;ny n&aacute;lad (Teal &amp; Edelman, 2021). Mnoho lid&iacute; tak&eacute; uv&aacute;d&iacute; zm&#283;ny ve zp&#367;sobu pro&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute;, nap&#345;&iacute;klad zm&#283;ny hladin energie, ztr&aacute;ta sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho libida a zm&#283;ny t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute; se menstruace. U&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; pilulek je t&#345;eba v&#382;dy promyslet a z&aacute;rove&#328; pe&#269;liv&#283; zv&aacute;&#382;it v&scaron;echna pro a proti. P&#345;i spr&aacute;vn&eacute;m u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; m&#367;&#382;e m&iacute;t pilulka 99% &uacute;&#269;innost v prevenci t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;. Dal&scaron;&iacute;mi typy hormon&aacute;ln&iacute;ch pilulek jsou pilulky s progestagenem, kter&eacute; se u&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; ka&#382;d&yacute; den bez p&#345;est&aacute;vky. Ostatn&iacute; pravidla u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; (u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; pilulky p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; ve stejnou dobu denn&#283;) jsou stejn&aacute; a &uacute;&#269;innost je podobn&aacute;. &Uacute;&#269;innost hormon&aacute;ln&iacute;ch pilulek m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t ovlivn&#283;na p&#345;i &#382;alude&#269;n&iacute;ch pot&iacute;&#382;&iacute;ch, zvracen&iacute; nebo pr&#367;jmu.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Kondomy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Existuj&iacute; dva typy kondom&#367;, a to a) vn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; kondomy, kter&eacute; se nasazuj&iacute; na ztopo&#345;en&yacute; penis, a b) vnit&#345;n&iacute; kondomy, kter&eacute; se zav&aacute;d&#283;j&iacute; do pochvy nebo kone&#269;n&iacute;ku. Oba typy kondom&#367;, pokud jsou spr&aacute;vn&#283; pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;ny, zabra&#328;uj&iacute; necht&#283;n&eacute;mu ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute; i p&#345;enosu v&#283;t&scaron;iny pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob. Kondomy jsou nejbezpe&#269;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a nej&uacute;&#269;inn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; metodou, kter&aacute; v&aacute;s ochr&aacute;n&iacute; p&#345;ed p&#345;enosem pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;ch chorob p&#345;i penetra&#269;n&iacute;m sexu.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; kondomy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> jsou obvykle vyrobeny z latexu, ale v p&#345;&iacute;pad&#283; alergie na latex je lze sehnat i z jin&yacute;ch materi&aacute;l&#367;. S kondomy lze pou&#382;&iacute;vat lubrikanty, ale m&#283;ly by b&yacute;t na vodn&iacute; b&aacute;zi, aby neovliv&#328;ovaly funkci kondomu. Ka&#382;d&yacute; kondom lze pou&#382;&iacute;t pouze jednou. P&#345;i dal&scaron;&iacute;m sexu je t&#345;eba pou&#382;&iacute;t nov&yacute;. Kondomy by m&#283;ly b&yacute;t ide&aacute;ln&#283; skladov&aacute;ny na nep&#345;&iacute;li&scaron; hork&yacute;ch a slunn&yacute;ch m&iacute;stech, nem&#283;ly by p&#345;ij&iacute;t do styku s ostr&yacute;mi p&#345;edm&#283;ty a m&#283;ly by b&yacute;t pou&#382;ity p&#345;ed uplynut&iacute;m doby expirace. P&#345;i rozbalov&aacute;n&iacute; kondomu je dobr&eacute; b&yacute;t opatrn&yacute; p&#345;i jeho otev&iacute;r&aacute;n&iacute;, aby nedo&scaron;lo k prop&iacute;chnut&iacute; nebo k jin&eacute;mu po&scaron;kozen&iacute;. Pot&eacute; jej polo&#382;te na vrchol ztopo&#345;en&eacute;ho penisu a srolujte jej a&#382; k jeho ko&#345;enu. Ujist&#283;te se, &#382;e dob&#345;e dr&#382;&iacute;. Jednou za &#269;as m&#367;&#382;ete zkontrolovat, zda kondom dob&#345;e dr&#382;&iacute;. P&#345;i vytahov&aacute;n&iacute; penisu z pochvy\/anusu d&aacute;vejte pozor, abyste kondom dr&#382;eli u ko&#345;enu. Je d&#367;le&#382;it&eacute; zabr&aacute;nit p&#345;&iacute;padn&eacute;mu sklouznut&iacute;, Kondomy jsou &uacute;&#269;inn&eacute; na 98 %.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; kondomy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> funguj&iacute; na stejn&eacute;m principu jako vn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; kondomy, proto&#382;e vytv&aacute;&#345;ej&iacute; bari&eacute;ru na vnit&#345;n&iacute; stran&#283;, tak&#382;e sperma se nem&#367;&#382;e dostat k vaj&iacute;&#269;ku a zp&#367;sobit t&#283;hotenstv&iacute;. Kondom by m&#283;l b&yacute;t p&#345;ed sexem vlo&#382;en do pochvy, p&#345;i&#269;em&#382; je t&#345;eba db&aacute;t na to, aby se ho penis p&#345;edt&iacute;m nedot&yacute;kal. P&#345;i otev&iacute;r&aacute;n&iacute; kondomu d&aacute;vejte pozor, abyste nepou&#382;ili zuby nebo ostr&yacute; p&#345;edm&#283;t, a vyhnuli se tak riziku jeho roztr&#382;en&iacute;. Men&scaron;&iacute; krou&#382;ek um&iacute;st&#283;te dovnit&#345; vag&iacute;ny a v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; krou&#382;ek kondomu na otvor vag&iacute;ny. Jedn&iacute;m z rizik p&#345;i pou&#382;it&iacute; &#382;ensk&eacute;ho kondomu je, &#382;e penis m&#367;&#382;e vklouznout mezi kondom a st&#283;nu pochvy. Tak&eacute;, pokud se kondom zasune p&#345;&iacute;li&scaron; hluboko, existuje mo&#382;nost, &#382;e se zasekne uvnit&#345; pochvy. Vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; kondomy jsou &uacute;&#269;inn&eacute; na 95 %.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o mal&yacute; p&#345;edm&#283;t zaveden&yacute; do d&#283;lohy, kter&yacute; m&#367;&#382;e p&#367;sobit hormon&aacute;ln&#283; nebo nehormon&aacute;ln&#283;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nitrodelozni-telisko\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> je mal&yacute; p&#345;edm&#283;t ur&#269;en&yacute; k zaveden&iacute; do d&#283;lohy, kter&yacute; m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t hormon&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo nehormon&aacute;ln&iacute;. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o mal&yacute; p&#345;edm&#283;t zaveden&yacute; do d&#283;lohy, kter&yacute; m&#367;&#382;e p&#367;sobit hormon&aacute;ln&#283; nebo nehormon&aacute;ln&#283;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nitrodelozni-telisko\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko<\/a> m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t zavedeno pouze gynekologem. Ka&#382;d&yacute; typ nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute;ho t&#283;l&iacute;ska m&aacute; jin&aacute; specifika, chr&aacute;nit p&#345;ed ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;m m&#367;&#382;e a&#382; po dobu 5 let. Pro n&#283;kter&eacute; lidi to m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t v&yacute;hodn&aacute; forma antikoncepce, proto&#382;e nevy&#382;aduje velk&eacute; &uacute;sil&iacute; a je vysoce &uacute;&#269;inn&aacute; v prevenci ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute; (99 %). P&#345;esto mohou n&#283;kter&eacute; osoby p&#345;i u&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute;ho t&#283;l&iacute;ska poci&#357;ovat zv&yacute;&scaron;enou bolest a siln&eacute; krv&aacute;cen&iacute; b&#283;hem menstruace. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o mal&yacute; p&#345;edm&#283;t zaveden&yacute; do d&#283;lohy, kter&yacute; m&#367;&#382;e p&#367;sobit hormon&aacute;ln&#283; nebo nehormon&aacute;ln&#283;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/nitrodelozni-telisko\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Nitrod&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; t&#283;l&iacute;sko<\/a> nechr&aacute;n&iacute; p&#345;ed pohlavn&#283; p&#345;enosn&yacute;mi chorobami.<\/span><\/p><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Antikoncep&#269;n&iacute; n&aacute;plast&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o n&aacute;plast, kter&aacute; do t&#283;la uvol&#328;uje hormony p&#345;es k&#367;&#382;i.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/antikoncepcni-naplast\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Antikoncep&#269;n&iacute; n&aacute;plast<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> je podobn&aacute; jin&yacute;m n&aacute;plastem a uvol&#328;uje do t&#283;la hormony p&#345;es k&#367;&#382;i. Obsahuje stejn&eacute; hormony jako pilulky (progesteron a estrogen) a je vyrobena tak, aby ji mohly pou&#382;&iacute;vat osoby s d&#283;lohou. N&aacute;plast je nutn&eacute; pou&#382;&iacute;vat podle pokyn&#367; na obalu. Jedna n&aacute;plast by se m&#283;la nosit p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; jeden t&yacute;den. Pot&eacute; je ji t&#345;eba vym&#283;nit za novou. N&aacute;plasti se tak&eacute; pou&#382;&iacute;vaj&iacute; v cyklu 4 t&yacute;dn&#367;, 3 t&yacute;dny s n&aacute;plast&iacute; (ka&#382;d&yacute; t&yacute;den nov&aacute;) a jeden t&yacute;den bez n&aacute;plasti. N&aacute;plast by m&#283;la b&yacute;t odoln&aacute; v&#367;&#269;i vod&#283; a potu, tak&#382;e nen&iacute; nutn&eacute; &#382;&aacute;dn&eacute; omezen&iacute; re&#382;imu. Mo&#382;n&eacute; ne&#382;&aacute;douc&iacute; &uacute;&#269;inky mohou b&yacute;t podobn&eacute; jako u hormon&aacute;ln&iacute;ch tablet, v&#269;etn&#283; zv&yacute;&scaron;en&eacute;ho krevn&iacute;ho tlaku.<\/span><\/p><p><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pesar&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o silikonovou &#269;epi&#269;ku, kter&aacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy p&#345;ed pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. Jej&iacute; princip spo&#269;&iacute;v&aacute; v tom, &#382;e &#269;epi&#269;ka zakr&yacute;v&aacute; d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; hrdlo a vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; takovou bari&eacute;ru, p&#345;es kterou spermie nemohou proniknout do d&#283;lohy a oplodnit vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pesar\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Pesar<\/a><\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;je silikonov&aacute; membr&aacute;na, kter&aacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy p&#345;ed pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pesar&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o silikonovou &#269;epi&#269;ku, kter&aacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy p&#345;ed pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. Jej&iacute; princip spo&#269;&iacute;v&aacute; v tom, &#382;e &#269;epi&#269;ka zakr&yacute;v&aacute; d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; hrdlo a vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; takovou bari&eacute;ru, p&#345;es kterou spermie nemohou proniknout do d&#283;lohy a oplodnit vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pesar\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Pesar<\/a> zakr&yacute;v&aacute; d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; hrdlo a vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; bari&eacute;ru, tak&#382;e spermie nemohou proniknout do d&#283;lohy a oplodnit vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. Aby byl <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pesar&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o silikonovou &#269;epi&#269;ku, kter&aacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy p&#345;ed pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. Jej&iacute; princip spo&#269;&iacute;v&aacute; v tom, &#382;e &#269;epi&#269;ka zakr&yacute;v&aacute; d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; hrdlo a vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; takovou bari&eacute;ru, p&#345;es kterou spermie nemohou proniknout do d&#283;lohy a oplodnit vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pesar\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pesar<\/a> &uacute;&#269;inn&yacute;, mus&iacute; z&#367;stat nasazen&yacute; nejm&eacute;n&#283; 6 hodin po pohlavn&iacute;m styku a doporu&#269;uje se pou&#382;&iacute;vat spole&#269;n&#283; se spermicidn&iacute;m gelem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; 94% &uacute;&#269;innost p&#345;i prevenci ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;. Pesary maj&iacute; r&#367;zn&eacute; velikosti, tak&#382;e m&#367;&#382;e chv&iacute;li trvat, ne&#382; najdete tu spr&aacute;vnou velikost pro v&aacute;s a nau&#269;&iacute;te se je spr&aacute;vn&#283; pou&#382;&iacute;vat. Jeden <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pesar&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o silikonovou &#269;epi&#269;ku, kter&aacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy p&#345;ed pohlavn&iacute;m stykem. Jej&iacute; princip spo&#269;&iacute;v&aacute; v tom, &#382;e &#269;epi&#269;ka zakr&yacute;v&aacute; d&#283;lo&#382;n&iacute; hrdlo a vytv&aacute;&#345;&iacute; takovou bari&eacute;ru, p&#345;es kterou spermie nemohou proniknout do d&#283;lohy a oplodnit vaj&iacute;&#269;ko. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/pesar\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pesar<\/a> lze pou&#382;&iacute;vat opakovan&#283; p&#345;ibli&#382;n&#283; 1-2 roky.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Vasektomie<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> je chirurgick&yacute; z&aacute;krok u lid&iacute; s varlaty, p&#345;i kter&eacute;m se p&#345;eru&scaron;&iacute; nebo ut&#283;sn&iacute; trubice vedouc&iacute; spermie do penisu (ch&aacute;movody), a t&iacute;m se zabr&aacute;n&iacute; ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;. Vasektomii lze op&#283;t zvr&aacute;tit chirurgick&yacute;m op&#283;tovn&yacute;m spojen&iacute;m t&#283;chto kan&aacute;lk&#367;, &uacute;sp&#283;&scaron;nost zp&#283;tn&eacute; operace v&scaron;ak nen&iacute; zaru&#269;ena, zejm&eacute;na &#269;&iacute;m del&scaron;&iacute; doba od proveden&iacute; vasektomie uplynula. Prvn&iacute;ch n&#283;kolik t&yacute;dn&#367; (8-12) po z&aacute;kroku by se m&#283;ly pou&#382;&iacute;vat jin&eacute; antikoncep&#269;n&iacute; metody, proto&#382;e v ch&aacute;movodech mohou b&yacute;t st&aacute;le spermie. Po vasektomii st&aacute;le doch&aacute;z&iacute; k ejakulaci, ale sperma neobsahuje spermie. N&#283;kte&#345;&iacute; lid&eacute; mohou m&iacute;t po tomto z&aacute;kroku probl&eacute;my s bolestiv&yacute;mi varlaty.<\/span><\/p><p><b>&#381;ensk&aacute; sterilizace<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> znamen&aacute; u lid&iacute; s d&#283;lohou zablokov&aacute;n&iacute; nebo uzav&#345;en&iacute; vejcovod&#367;, aby se zabr&aacute;nilo tomu, &#382;e se vaj&iacute;&#269;ka dostanou ke spermi&iacute;m, a budou tak oplodn&#283;na. V&#283;t&scaron;ina z&aacute;krok&#367; podv&aacute;z&aacute;n&iacute; vejcovod&#367; je nevratn&aacute;. Pokud se o zp&#283;tnou operaci pokus&iacute;me, vy&#382;aduje to rozs&aacute;hl&yacute; chirurgick&yacute; z&aacute;krok, kter&yacute; nen&iacute; v&#382;dy &uacute;&#269;inn&yacute;.<\/span><\/p><p><strong><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; krou&#382;ek&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Jedn&aacute; se o m&#283;kk&yacute; plastov&yacute; krou&#382;ek, kter&yacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy a kter&yacute; uvol&#328;uje estrogen a progesteron, aby zabr&aacute;nil ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/vaginalni-krouzek\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Vagin&aacute;ln&iacute; krou&#382;ek<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> je m&#283;kk&yacute; plastov&yacute; krou&#382;ek, kter&yacute; se zav&aacute;d&iacute; do pochvy a kter&yacute; uvol&#328;uje estrogen a progesteron, aby zabr&aacute;nil ot&#283;hotn&#283;n&iacute;. Krou&#382;ek funguje po dobu jednoho m&#283;s&iacute;ce, pokud je spr&aacute;vn&#283; um&iacute;st&#283;n uvnit&#345; pochvy. Pokud se krou&#382;ek dostane ven, lze jej om&yacute;t teplou vodou a znovu um&iacute;stit dovnit&#345;. Je &uacute;&#269;inn&yacute; z v&iacute;ce ne&#382; 99 %.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><h3><i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-right\"><\/i> &ndash; 8.3. DISKRIMINA&#268;N&Iacute; SITUACE K T&Eacute;MATU &ndash; <i class=\"fa-light fas fa-balance-scale-left\"><\/i><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mrza&#269;en&iacute; pohlavn&iacute;ch org&aacute;n&#367; &ndash; ob&#345;&iacute;zky.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stud za to, &#382;e jste\/nejste panna nebo panic.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obt&#283;&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; a n&aacute;tlak na odstran&#283;n&iacute; ochlupen&iacute; kv&#367;li spole&#269;ensk&yacute;m norm&aacute;m &ndash; &#345;&iacute;kat d&iacute;vce, kter&aacute; m&aacute; neoholen&eacute; nohy\/podpa&#382;&iacute; &bdquo;vypad&aacute;&scaron; jako kluk&ldquo;, &bdquo;pro&#269; se o sebe nestar&aacute;&scaron;?&ldquo;, &bdquo;mysl&iacute;&scaron;, &#382;e se takhle bude&scaron; n&#283;komu l&iacute;bit?&ldquo;, &bdquo;je to nehygienick&eacute;&ldquo;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nevhodn&eacute; nar&aacute;&#382;ky a obt&#283;&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; chlapc&#367;, kte&#345;&iacute; nemaj&iacute; &bdquo;dost&ldquo; vous&#367;, necitliv&eacute; koment&aacute;&#345;e a tvrzen&iacute;, &#382;e jsou &bdquo;nedosp&#283;l&iacute;&ldquo;, pokud &#382;&aacute;dn&eacute; nemaj&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zahanbov&aacute;n&iacute; d&iacute;vek za to, &#382;e jsou sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; bytosti &ndash; a obecn&yacute; tlak na d&iacute;vky, aby up&#345;ednost&#328;ovaly p&#345;edev&scaron;&iacute;m sv&#367;j fyzick&yacute; vzhled, aby &bdquo;byly &#382;&aacute;dan&eacute;&ldquo;, ale tak&eacute; je u&#269;&iacute;, aby byly &bdquo;skromn&eacute;&ldquo; a pasivn&iacute; a aby se vyh&yacute;baly otev&#345;en&eacute;mu vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute; sv&eacute; sexuality. Naz&yacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; d&iacute;vek &bdquo;d&#283;vkami&ldquo; nebo &bdquo;kurvami&ldquo;, pokud ukazuj&iacute; svou k&#367;&#382;i nebo se obl&eacute;kaj&iacute; odhaluj&iacute;c&iacute;m zp&#367;sobem &#269;i pokud maj&iacute; v&iacute;ce sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ch zku&scaron;enost&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zahanbov&aacute;n&iacute; d&iacute;vek (lid&iacute; obecn&#283;) za masturbaci, &scaron;&iacute;&#345;en&iacute; nepravdiv&yacute;ch tvrzen&iacute; o masturbaci, jako nap&#345;&iacute;klad &#382;e by se t&iacute;m jejich genit&aacute;lie &bdquo;p&#345;&iacute;li&scaron; opot&#345;ebovaly&ldquo;, &#382;e je to &bdquo;proti p&#345;&iacute;rod&#283;&ldquo; a &bdquo;nesvat&eacute;&ldquo; -&gt; vytv&aacute;&#345;en&iacute; atmosf&eacute;ry, v n&iacute;&#382; se lid&eacute; p&#345;i masturbaci styd&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zahanbov&aacute;n&iacute; chlapc&#367; za to, &#382;e nejsou dostate&#269;n&#283; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo &bdquo;mu&#382;n&iacute;&ldquo;. Existuje narativ, &#382;e mu&#382;i musej&iacute; b&yacute;t sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; a cht&iacute;t sex po&#345;&aacute;d, jinak by byli vn&iacute;m&aacute;ni jako divn&iacute;. Mohou b&yacute;t naz&yacute;v&aacute;ni &bdquo;buzeranty&ldquo;, pokud nemaj&iacute; z&aacute;jem o d&iacute;vky a nechod&iacute; &bdquo;dostate&#269;n&#283;&ldquo; na rande.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tla&#269;it na brzk&yacute; za&#269;&aacute;tek sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho &#382;ivota (prvn&iacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; zku&scaron;enost) a ztrap&#328;ovat a odsuzovat ty, kte&#345;&iacute; z jak&eacute;hokoliv d&#367;vodu &#269;ekaj&iacute; d&eacute;le: &bdquo;Je ti 15 a je&scaron;t&#283; jsi to ned&#283;lal? Co je s tebou?&ldquo;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Body shaming &ndash; obt&#283;&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute; a &scaron;ikana lid&iacute; za n&#283;kter&eacute; aspekty jejich vzhledu. M&#367;&#382;e to b&yacute;t jejich v&aacute;ha, obli&#269;ej, stehna, cokoliv. Neuctiv&eacute; koment&aacute;&#345;e o vzhledu druh&yacute;ch a vym&yacute;&scaron;len&iacute; &scaron;kodliv&yacute;ch ur&aacute;&#382;ek na jejich z&aacute;klad&#283;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mluvit o antikoncepci a reprodukci pouze s d&iacute;vkami, a t&iacute;m je &#269;init zodpov&#283;dn&yacute;mi, zat&iacute;mco chlapce z t&eacute;to diskuze vynechat.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neinformov&aacute;n&iacute; v&scaron;ech lid&iacute; ve t&#345;&iacute;d&#283; o v&scaron;ech t&eacute;matech (p&#345;&iacute;klad &ndash; rozd&#283;len&iacute; t&#345;&iacute;dy na d&iacute;v&#269;&iacute; a chlapeckou a informov&aacute;n&iacute; d&iacute;vek o menstruaci a chlapc&#367; o erekci) &ndash; v&scaron;ichni by m&#283;li v&#283;d&#283;t v&scaron;e!<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P&#345;edpoklad toho, &#382;e ka&#382;d&yacute;, kdo m&aacute; penis, je chlapec, a ka&#382;d&yacute;, kdo m&aacute; vulvu, je d&iacute;vka &ndash; nepou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; inkluzivn&iacute;ho jazyka a nezahrnut&iacute; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;P&#345;&iacute;davn&eacute; jm&eacute;no pou&#382;&iacute;van&eacute; n&#283;kter&yacute;mi lidmi, jejich&#382; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace nen&iacute; v&yacute;hradn&#283; heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;. Tento zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n zahrnuje lidi, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, genderov&#283; fluidn&iacute; nebo genderov&#283; nekonformn&iacute; identitu. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a> perspektivy, co&#382; zp&#367;sobuje, &#382;e se <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LGBTQ+&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Lesby, gayov&eacute;, bisexu&aacute;ln&iacute;, transgender, queer a dal&scaron;&iacute; osoby&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/lgbtq\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">LGBTQ+<\/a> studenti c&iacute;t&iacute; odstr&#269;en&iacute; a je&scaron;t&#283; v&iacute;ce zmaten&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Porno zobrazuj&iacute;c&iacute; p&#345;ev&aacute;&#382;n&#283; dlouh&yacute; penetra&#269;n&iacute; sex, n&aacute;siln&yacute; sex a poskytuj&iacute;c&iacute; nerealistick&eacute; a nezdrav&eacute; vn&iacute;m&aacute;n&iacute; sexu.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stigmatizace menstruace.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>8.4. P&#344;&Iacute;KLADY DOBR&Eacute; PRAXE<\/h3><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8532 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1.png 1728w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-20x10.png 20w, https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/04\/CatnessGames_LGTBI_people_celebrating_pride_for_kids_education_82213724-fcd3-4a16-a44e-af58de8a6bf7_1-1536x768.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\"\/><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kanadsk&eacute; materi&aacute;ly pro v&yacute;uku sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute; nab&iacute;zej&iacute; n&aacute;sleduj&iacute;c&iacute; tipy (Alberta, n.d.):<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rozv&iacute;jejte otev&#345;enou a pozitivn&iacute; komunikaci o sexu a sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m v&yacute;voji. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Odpov&iacute;dejte na ot&aacute;zky d&#283;t&iacute; zp&#367;sobem p&#345;im&#283;&#345;en&yacute;m jejich v&#283;ku &ndash; vyhn&#283;te se tomu, abyste jim &#345;&iacute;kali, &#382;e jsou na n&#283;co p&#345;&iacute;li&scaron; mal&eacute;. Pokud se na n&#283;co ptaj&iacute;, je to v dob&#283;, kdy je to zaj&iacute;m&aacute;, a vy m&aacute;te &scaron;anci jim poskytnout informace, ani&#382; byste kolem tohoto t&eacute;matu vytv&aacute;&#345;eli tabu. Dejte jim najevo, &#382;e se v&aacute;s mohou kdykoliv p&#345;ij&iacute;t zeptat na ot&aacute;zky t&yacute;kaj&iacute;c&iacute; se sexuality a vy se jim budete sna&#382;it odpov&#283;d&#283;t. Uv&#283;domte si, &#382;e pokud jim informace neposkytnete, najdou si jin&yacute; zp&#367;sob, jak je z&iacute;skat, a pravd&#283;podobn&#283; budou hor&scaron;&iacute; kvality (informace z porna, od vrstevn&iacute;k&#367;, z webu), nebo to budou nepravdy, m&yacute;ty, tabuizuj&iacute;c&iacute; informace atd.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Informujte d&#283;ti o pubert&#283; a zm&#283;n&aacute;ch v sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m v&yacute;voji, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kdy&#382; jsou mal&eacute;, d&#345;&iacute;ve ne&#382; je za&#382;ij&iacute;. Budou se tak c&iacute;tit p&#345;ipraven&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a budou &#269;&aacute;ste&#269;n&#283; v&#283;d&#283;t, co mohou o&#269;ek&aacute;vat, co&#382; by mohlo sn&iacute;&#382;it stres a pomoci jim tyto zm&#283;ny zvl&aacute;dnout. To je povzbud&iacute; k bezpe&#269;n&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;m rozhodnut&iacute;m.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vyvarujte se zbyte&#269;n&yacute;ch a &scaron;kodliv&yacute;ch koment&aacute;&#345;&#367; k t&#283;lesn&eacute;mu vzhledu a hmotnosti d&#283;t&iacute;, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">proto&#382;e to m&#367;&#382;e zhor&scaron;it jejich pocit vlastn&iacute; hodnoty a snadno v&eacute;st k rozvoji negativn&iacute;ho obrazu t&#283;la. Kdy&#382; mluv&iacute;te o t&#283;le obecn&#283;, ukazujte obr&aacute;zky lid&iacute; r&#367;zn&yacute;ch tvar&#367; a p&#367;vodu, kter&eacute; p&#345;edstavuj&iacute; skute&#269;n&eacute; lidi a jsou pro n&#283; bli&#382;&scaron;&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Podporujte d&#283;ti v tom, aby m&#283;ly pozitivn&iacute; vztah ke sv&eacute;mu t&#283;lu. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Toho m&#367;&#382;ete dos&aacute;hnout t&iacute;m, &#382;e budete &#345;e&scaron;it a zpochyb&#328;ovat hanliv&eacute; koment&aacute;&#345;e, nebudete uplat&#328;ovat stereotypn&iacute; standardy kr&aacute;sy, ocen&iacute;te schopnosti a siln&eacute; str&aacute;nky d&#283;t&iacute; a pomoc&iacute; aktivit budete d&#283;ti podporovat v tom, aby na sv&eacute;m t&#283;le nach&aacute;zely pozitivn&iacute; aspekty, kter&eacute; se jim l&iacute;b&iacute; a kter&eacute; maj&iacute; r&aacute;dy. Pozitivn&iacute; p&#345;&iacute;stup k t&#283;lu m&#367;&#382;ete podpo&#345;it tak&eacute; t&iacute;m, &#382;e p&#367;jdete p&#345;&iacute;kladem a budete si v&scaron;&iacute;mat vlastn&iacute;ch postoj&#367; k j&iacute;dlu, v&aacute;ze a atraktivit&#283;. Vyvarujte se komentov&aacute;n&iacute; fyzick&eacute;ho vzhledu ostatn&iacute;ch lid&iacute; a propagov&aacute;n&iacute; extr&eacute;mn&#283; omezuj&iacute;c&iacute;ch diet a nadm&#283;rn&eacute;ho cvi&#269;en&iacute;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kdy&#382; mluv&iacute;te o &#269;&aacute;stech t&#283;la, nevyh&yacute;bejte se pojmenov&aacute;n&iacute; pohlavn&iacute;ch org&aacute;n&#367; jejich spr&aacute;vn&yacute;mi anatomick&yacute;mi n&aacute;zvy.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> D&#283;tem prosp&#283;je, kdy&#382; budou um&#283;t pojmenovat &#269;&aacute;sti t&#283;la, jako je penis, varlata, vulva, klitoris atd. bez studu. Pom&#367;&#382;e jim to l&eacute;pe se vztahovat ke sv&eacute;mu t&#283;lu a komunikovat o &#269;&aacute;stech t&#283;la obecn&#283;. Nevynech&aacute;vejte z rozhovoru klitoris, proto&#382;e ten m&#367;&#382;e b&yacute;t pro lidi s vulvou hlavn&iacute;m zdrojem rozko&scaron;e. Krom&#283; mo&#382;n&eacute;ho vytvo&#345;en&iacute; zdrav&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;ho vztahu ke sv&eacute;mu t&#283;lu p&#345;isp&iacute;v&aacute; znalost anatomick&yacute;ch n&aacute;zv&#367; &#269;&aacute;st&iacute; t&#283;la k jejich du&scaron;evn&iacute;mu a fyzick&eacute;mu zdrav&iacute;, proto&#382;e podporuje informovanost a sni&#382;uje pravd&#283;podobnost sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;ho obt&#283;&#382;ov&aacute;n&iacute;, napaden&iacute; nebo zneu&#382;it&iacute;. Pou&#382;&iacute;v&aacute;n&iacute; metafor pro &#269;&aacute;sti t&#283;la pouze p&#345;isp&iacute;v&aacute; k tomu, &#382;e d&#283;ti maj&iacute; ve sv&eacute;m t&#283;le a jeho funkc&iacute;ch v&#283;t&scaron;&iacute; zmatek, co&#382; je m&#367;&#382;e stav&#283;t do zraniteln&eacute; pozice, d&iacute;ky n&iacute;&#382; jsou pro n&#283; hranice a limity nejasn&eacute; a jsou n&aacute;chyln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; k manipulaci.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vyvra&#357;te m&yacute;ty o t&#283;lesn&eacute;m vzhledu, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">v&#269;etn&#283; ochlupen&iacute;, studu spojen&eacute;ho s menstruac&iacute;, fale&scaron;n&eacute;ho p&#345;esv&#283;d&#269;en&iacute;, &#382;e vulva mus&iacute; b&yacute;t mal&aacute; a r&#367;&#382;ov&aacute;, &#382;e penis mus&iacute; z&#367;stat ve stavu erekce dlouho atd. Zab&yacute;vejte se t&iacute;m, &#382;e porno, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; m&eacute;dia a dal&scaron;&iacute; zobrazen&iacute; nejsou p&#345;esn&aacute;, a zd&#367;raz&#328;ujte kr&aacute;su a norm&aacute;lnost variac&iacute; t&#283;lesn&eacute;ho vzhledu a tvar&#367;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>M&iacute;sto propagace abstinence informujte d&#283;ti o r&#367;zn&yacute;ch form&aacute;ch sexu a typech antikoncepce <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">se zam&#283;&#345;en&iacute;m na praktick&eacute; vyu&#382;it&iacute;, v&yacute;hody a nev&yacute;hody. Inspiraci, jak prov&eacute;st aktivitu o antikoncepci, najdete<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.advocatesforyouth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/storage\/advfy\/lesson-plans\/lesson-plan-contraception-part-i-and-ii.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> zde<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nevynech&aacute;vejte informace o masturbaci jako bezpe&#269;n&eacute;, zdrav&eacute; a nez&aacute;visl&eacute; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; aktivit&#283;.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kdy&#382; mluv&iacute;te o sexu&aacute;ln&iacute;m v&yacute;voji a t&#283;lech, berte v &uacute;vahu rozmanitost t&#283;l, v&#269;etn&#283; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Queer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;P&#345;&iacute;davn&eacute; jm&eacute;no pou&#382;&iacute;van&eacute; n&#283;kter&yacute;mi lidmi, jejich&#382; sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; orientace nen&iacute; v&yacute;hradn&#283; heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute; nebo heterosexu&aacute;ln&iacute;. Tento zast&#345;e&scaron;uj&iacute;c&iacute; term&iacute;n zahrnuje lidi, kte&#345;&iacute; maj&iacute; nebin&aacute;rn&iacute;, genderov&#283; fluidn&iacute; nebo genderov&#283; nekonformn&iacute; identitu. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/queer\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">queer<\/a> identit, schopnost&iacute;, v&#283;ku a dal&scaron;&iacute;ch aspekt&#367;, kter&eacute; p&#345;esahuj&iacute; bin&aacute;rn&iacute; kategorie.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>8.5. REFERENCE<\/h3><p>Alberta (n.d.). Curriculum overview. Available from <a href=\"https:\/\/teachingsexualhealth.ca\/teachers\/sexual-health-education\/understanding-your-role\/get-prepared\/curriculum-overview\/\">https:\/\/teachingsexualhealth.ca\/teachers\/sexual-health-education\/understanding-your-role\/get-prepared\/curriculum-overview\/<\/a><\/p><p>Blackless, M., Charuvastra, A., Derryck, A., Fausto&#8208;Sterling, A., Lauzanne, K., &amp; Lee, E. (2000). How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 12(2), 151-166<\/p><p>Cook, R. J., &amp; Dickens, B. M. (2009). Hymen reconstruction: ethical and legal issues. International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics, 107(3), 266-269. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.07.032<\/p><p>Dakanalis, A., Carr&agrave;, G., Calogero, R., Fida, R., Clerici, M., Zanetti, M. A., &amp; Riva, G. (2015). The developmental effects of media-ideal internalization and self-objectification processes on adolescents&rsquo; negative body-feelings, dietary restraint, and binge eating. European child &amp; adolescent psychiatry, 24(8), 997-1010.<\/p><p>Dole&#382;alov&aacute;, P., Heumann, V., Orl&iacute;kov&aacute;, B., Hull-Rochelle, G., Pavlica, K., et al. (2021). Rozvoj du&scaron;evn&iacute; pohody u transgender klient&#367;. Poznatky a holisticky orientovan&yacute; terapeutick&yacute; p&#345;&iacute;stup. N&aacute;rodn&iacute; &uacute;stav du&scaron;evn&iacute;ho zdrav&iacute;, Klecany. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nudz.cz\/files\/pdf\/rozvoj-dusevni-pohody-u-transgender-klientu.pdf\">https:\/\/www.nudz.cz\/files\/pdf\/rozvoj-dusevni-pohody-u-transgender-klientu.pdf<\/a><\/p><p>Guest, E., Zucchelli, F., Costa, B., Bhatia, R., Halliwell, E., &amp; Harcourt, D. (2022). A systematic review of interventions aiming to promote positive body image in children and adolescents. Body Image, 42, 58-74. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.04.009\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.04.009<\/a><\/p><p>Hegazy, A. A., &amp; Al-Rukban, M. O. (2012). Hymen: facts and conceptions. The Health, 3(4), 109-115.<\/p><p>Herdt, G., &amp; McClintock, M. (2000). The magical age of 10. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 29(6), 587-606. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1002006521067\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1002006521067<\/a><\/p><p>Kontula, O., &amp; Haavio-Mannila, E. (2003). Masturbation in a generational perspective. Journal of Psychology &amp; Human Sexuality, 14(2-3), 49-83.<\/p><p>Kopcakova, J., Dankulincova Veselska, Z., Madarasova Geckova, A., Van Dijk, J. P., &amp; Reijneveld, S. A. (2014). Is being a boy and feeling fat a barrier for physical activity? The association between body image, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> and physical activity among adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(11), 11167-11176.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph111111167\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph111111167<\/a><\/p><p>Leung, A. K. C., &amp; Robson, L. M. (1993). Childhood Masturbation. Clinical Pediatrics, 32(4), 238&ndash;241. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000992289303200410\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000992289303200410<\/a><\/p><p>Lo Presto, C. T., Sherman, M. F., &amp; Sherman, N. C. (1985). The effects of a masturbation seminar on high school males&rsquo; attitudes, false beliefs, guilt, and behaviour. The Journal of Sex Research, 21(2), 142&ndash;156. doi:10.1080\/00224498509551255<\/p><p>National Child Traumatic Stress Network.(2009). Sexual development and behaviour in children: Information for parents and caregivers.Retrieved from the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Office of Children&rsquo;s Services:<a href=\"http:\/\/hss.state.ak.us\/ocs\/Publications\/pdf\/sexualdevelop-children.pdf\">http:\/\/hss.state.ak.us\/ocs\/Publications\/pdf\/sexualdevelop-children.pdf<\/a><\/p><p>NHS (2021). Your contraception guides. Available from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/contraception\/\">https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/contraception\/<\/a><\/p><p>O&rsquo;Connell, H. E., Hutson, J. M., Anderson, C. R., &amp; Plenter, R. J. (1998). Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris. The Journal of urology, 159(6), 1892-1897.<\/p><p>Ogletree, S. M., &amp; Ginsburg, H. J. (2000). Kept under the hood: Neglect of the clitoris in common vernacular. Sex Roles, 43(11), 917-926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1011093123517.<\/p><p>Pattatucci, A. M., &amp; Hamer, D. H. (1995). Development and familiality of sexual orientation in females. Behaviour Genetics, 25(5), 407-419. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02253370\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02253370<\/a><\/p><p>Pla, J. (2020). Bliss Club: Sex tips for creative lovers. Hardie Grant.<\/p><p>Rew, L., Young, C. C., Monge, M., &amp; Bogucka, R. (2021). Puberty blockers for transgender and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gender&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Gender je mnohorozm&#283;rn&yacute;m konstruktem, kter&yacute; m&aacute; psychologick&yacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute; a behavior&aacute;ln&iacute; rozm&#283;r, zahrnuje genderovou identitu a genderov&eacute; vyjad&#345;ov&aacute;n&iacute;. N&#283;kdy se setk&aacute;v&aacute;me s pojmem &amp;quot;soci&aacute;ln&iacute; pohlav&iacute;&amp;quot;, proto&#382;e jeho v&yacute;znam nevztahujeme k n&#283;jak&eacute; biologick&eacute; danosti, ale k tomu jak&eacute; vlastnosti spole&#269;nost a p&#345;&iacute;slu&scaron;n&aacute; kultura lidem p&#345;isuzuje na z&aacute;klad&#283; jejich genderov&eacute; identity.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gender<\/a> diverse youth&mdash;a critical review of the literature. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 26(1), 3-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/camh.12437<\/p><p>Saharso, S. (2022). Hymen &lsquo;repair&rsquo;: Views from feminists, medical professionals and the women involved in the middle east, North Africa and Europe. Ethnicities, 22(2), 196&ndash;214. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14687968211061582\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14687968211061582<\/a><\/p><p>Smith, E. E., Atkinson, R. L., Fredrickson, B., Hilgard, E. R., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., &amp; Loftus, G. (2003). Atkinson &amp; Hilgard&rsquo;s introduction to psychology. Wadsworth Publishing Company.<\/p><p>Wheeler, M. D. (1991). Physical Changes of Puberty. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 20(1), 1&ndash;14. doi:10.1016\/s0889-8529(18)30279-2<\/p><p>Williamson, H. (2015). Social pressures and health consequences associated with body hair removal. Journal of Aesthetic Nursing, 4(3), 131&ndash;133. doi:10.12968\/joan.2015.4.3.131<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; v&yacute;voj&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph {&amp;quot;translatedWithWPMLTM&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;Je to komplexn&iacute; proces, kter&yacute; zahrnuje emocion&aacute;ln&iacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute;, kulturn&iacute; a fyzick&eacute; aspekty a za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; mnohem d&#345;&iacute;ve ne&#382; v pubert&#283;, nicm&eacute;n&#283; v obdob&iacute; puberty je intenzivn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a viditeln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/glossary\/sexualni-vyvoj\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sexu&aacute;ln&iacute; v&yacute;voj<\/a> je komplexn&iacute; proces, kter&yacute; zahrnuje emocion&aacute;ln&iacute;, soci&aacute;ln&iacute;, kulturn&iacute; a fyzick&eacute; aspekty a za&#269;&iacute;n&aacute; mnohem d&#345;&iacute;ve ne&#382; v pubert&#283;, nicm&eacute;n&#283; v pubert&#283; je intenzivn&#283;j&scaron;&iacute; a viditeln&#283;j&scaron;&iacute;. Informovat d&#283;ti o nadch&aacute;zej&iacute;c&iacute;ch zm&#283;n&aacute;ch v pubert&#283; bezpe&#269;n&yacute;m a otev&#345;en&yacute;m zp&#367;sobem ji&#382; v ran&eacute;m v&#283;ku je pro jejich v&yacute;voj p&#345;&iacute;nosn&eacute;. Mnoho t&eacute;mat souvisej&iacute;c&iacute;ch s na&scaron;&iacute;m t&#283;lem je st&aacute;le [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":9147,"menu_order":9,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-10090","docs","type-docs","status-publish","hentry","no-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10090","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10090"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/10090\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/9147"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10090"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.gamingee.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=10090"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}